Carotid-cavernous fistula classification
Carotid-cavernous fistula are classified into direct and dural types, with direct fistulas typically being high-flow and dural fistulas being low-flow 1)
Carotid-cavernous fistulas (CCFs) have been classified by etiology (traumatic/spontaneous), hemodynamic properties (high/low flow), and angioarchitectural features 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) 9) 10) 11) 12) 13)
Over the years, numerous classification systems have been applied to CCFs. The simplest classification divides CCFs into direct and indirect fistulae.
see Direct carotid-cavernous fistula (High flow).
see Indirect carotid cavernous fistula (Low flow).
Barrow classification
Debrun classification
1)
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2)
Barrow DL, Spector RH, Braun IF, Landman JA, Tindall SC, Tindall GT. Classification and treatment of spontaneous carotid-cavernous sinus fistulas. J Neurosurg. 1985;62(2):248–256.
3)
Djindjian R, Merland JJ. Super-Selective Arteriography of the External Carotid Artery. Berlin, Heidelberg, New York: Springer; 1973.
4)
Ernst RJ, Tomsick TA. Classification and angiography of carotid cavernous fistulas. In: Carotid Cavernous Fistula. Cincinnati: Digital Education Publishing; 1997:13–22.
5)
Larson JJ, Tew JM Jr, Tomsick TA, van Loveren HR. Treatment of aneurysms of the internal carotid artery by intravascular balloon occlusion: long-term follow-up of 58 patients. Neurosurgery. 1995;36(1):26–30; discussion 30.
6)
Newton TH, Hoyt WF. Dural arteriovenous shunts in the region of the cavernous sinus. Neuroradiology. 1970;1(2):71–81.
7)
Parkinson D. Carotid cavernous fistula, history and anatomy. In: Dolenc V, ed. The Cavernous Sinus: A Multidisciplinary Approach to Vascular and Tumorous Lesions. Berlin, Heidelberg, New York: Springer; 1987:3–29.
8)
Peeters FL, Kröger R. Dural and direct cavernous sinus fistulas. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1979;132(4):599–606.
9)
Picard L, Roland J, Bracard S, Lepoire J, Montaut J. Spontaneous Dural Fistulas: Classification, Diagnosis, Endovascular Treatment. Berlin, Heidelberg, New York: Springer; 1983.
10)
Satomi J, Satoh K, Matsubara S, Nakajima N, Nagahiro S. Angiographic changes in venous drainage of cavernous sinus dural arteriovenous fistulae after palliative transarterial embolization or observational management: a proposed stage classification. Neurosurgery. 2005;56(3):494–502; discussion 494-502.
11)
Stiebel-Kalish H, Setton A, Nimii Y, et al.. Cavernous sinus dural arteriovenous malformations: patterns of venous drainage are related to clinical signs and symptoms. Ophthalmology. 2002;109(9):1685–1691.
12)
Suh DC, Lee JH, Kim SJ, et al.. New concept in cavernous sinus dural arteriovenous fistula: correlation with presenting symptom and venous drainage patterns. Stroke. 2005;36(6):1134–1139.
13)
Wolff H, Schmid B. Das Arteriogramm des pulsierenden Exophthalmus. Zentralbl Neurochir. 1939;4:241–250, 310-319.