Indirect carotid cavernous fistula

Indirect carotid cavernous fistula occur when small dural branches of the external and internal carotid arteries (ICA) drain into the cavernous sinus.

Indirect fistulae are low-flow fistulae and the equivalent of a dural arteriovenous fistula of the cavernous sinus and comprise the majority of CCFs encountered in clinical practice.