Toronto Western Spasmodic Torticollis Rating Scale
Developed in the early 1990s, TWSTRS is a composite scale used to measure three aspects of CD: severity, disability, and pain. TWSTRS total score falls within the range of 0 to 85, where a higher score indicates a more severe condition 1)
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Jost WH, Hefter H, Stenner A, Reichel G. Rating scales for cervical dystonia: a critical evaluation of tools for outcome assessment of botulinum toxin therapy. J Neural Transm (Vienna). 2013 Mar;120(3):487-96. doi: 10.1007/s00702-012-0887-7. Epub 2012 Aug 17. PMID: 22899277; PMCID: PMC3575559.