sex_differences_in_parkinson_s_disease

Sex differences in Parkinson's disease

Males are on average ~ 1.5 times more likely to develop Parkinson's disease compared to females with European ancestry.

After aging, epidemiological studies have revealed the male sex as a prominent risk factor for developing PD at all ages and for all nationalities studied. Reports of male to female ratios for incidence rates vary from 1.37 to 3.7 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6)

Over the years Genome-wide association study (GWAS) have identified numerous genetic risk factors, however it is unclear whether genetics contribute to disease Parkinson's disease etiology in a sex-specific manner.

A study does not support the notion that common genetic variation on the autosomes could explain the difference in prevalence of PD between males and females at least when considering the current sample size under study. Further studies are warranted to investigate the genetic architecture of PD explained by X and Y chromosomes and further evaluate environmental effects that could potentially contribute to PD etiology in male versus females 7).

References

1)
Baldereschi M., Di Carlo A., Rocca W.A., Vanni P., Maggi S., Perissinotto E., Grigoletto F., Amaducci L., Inzitari D. Parkinson’s disease and parkinsonism in a longitudinal study: two-fold higher incidence in men. ILSA Working Group. Italian Longitudinal Study on Aging. Neurology. 2000;55:1358–1363.
2)
Swerdlow R.H., Parker W.D., Jr., Currie L.J., Bennett J.P., Jr., Harrison M.B., Trugman J.M., Wooten G.F. Gender ratio differences between Parkinson’s disease patients and their affected relatives. Parkinsonism Relat. Disord. 2001;7:129–133.
3)
Van Den Eeden S.K., Tanner C.M., Bernstein A.L., Fross R.D., Leimpeter A., Bloch D.A., Nelson L.M. Incidence of Parkinson’s disease: variation by age, gender, and race/ethnicity. Am. J. Epidemiol. 2003;157:1015–1022.
4)
Wooten G.F., Currie L.J., Bovbjerg V.E., Lee J.K., Patrie J. Are men at greater risk for Parkinson’s disease than women? J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry. 2004;75:637–639.
5)
Shulman L.M., Bhat V. Gender disparities in Parkinson’s disease. Expert Rev. Neurother. 2006;6:407–416.
6)
Taylor K.S., Cook J.A., Counsell C.E. Heterogeneity in male to female risk for Parkinson’s disease. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry. 2007;78:905–906.
7)
Blauwendraat C, Iwaki H, Makarious MB, Bandres-Ciga S, Leonard H, Grenn FP, Lake J, Krohn L, Tan M, Kim JJ, Gibbs JR, Hernandez DG, Ruskey JA, Pihlstrøm L, Toft M, van Hilten JJ, Marinus J, Schulte C, Brockmann K, Sharma M, Siitonen A, Majamaa K, Eerola-Rautio J, Tienari PJ, Grosset DG, Lesage S, Corvol JC, Brice A, Wood N, Hardy J, Gan-Or Z, Heutink P, Gasser T, Morris HR, Noyce AJ, Nalls MA, Singleton AB; International Parkinson's Disease Genomics Consortium (IPDGC), Noyce AJ, Kaiyrzhanov R, Middlehurst B, Kia DA, Tan M, Houlden H, Storm CS, Morris HR, Plun-Favreau H, Holmans P, Hardy J, Trabzuni D, Quinn J, Bubb V, Mok KY, Kinghorn KJ, Wood NW, Lewis P, Schreglmann SR, Lovering R, R'Bibo L, Manzoni C, Rizig M, Ryten M, Guelfi S, Escott-Price V, Chelban V, Foltynie T, Williams N, Morrison KE, Clarke C, Harvey K, Jacobs BM, Brice A, Danjou F, Lesage S, Corvol JC, Martinez M, Schulte C, Brockmann K, Simón-Sánchez J, Heutink P, Rizzu P, Sharma M, Gasser T, Schneider SA, Cookson MR, Bandres-Ciga S, Blauwendraat C, Craig DW, Billingsley K, Makarious MB, Narendra DP, Faghri F, Gibbs JR, Hernandez DG, Van Keuren-Jensen K, Shulman JM, Iwaki H, Leonard HL, Nalls MA, Robak L, Bras J, Guerreiro R, Lubbe S, Troycoco T, Finkbeiner S, Mencacci NE, Lungu C, Singleton AB, Scholz SW, Reed X, Uitti RJ, Ross OA, Grenn FP, Moore A, Alcalay RN, Wszolek ZK, Gan-Or Z, Rouleau GA, Krohn L, Mufti K, van Hilten JJ, Marinus J, Adarmes-Gómez AD, Aguilar M, Alvarez I, Alvarez V, Barrero FJ, Yarza JAB, Bernal-Bernal I, Blazquez M, Bonilla-Toribio M, Botía JA, Boungiorno MT, Buiza-Rueda D, Cámara A, Carrillo F, Carrión-Claro M, Cerdan D, Clarimón J, Compta Y, Diez-Fairen M, Dols-Icardo O, Duarte J, Duran R, Escamilla-Sevilla F, Ezquerra M, Feliz C, Fernández M, Fernández-Santiago R, Garcia C, García-Ruiz P, Gómez-Garre P, Heredia MJG, Gonzalez-Aramburu I, Pagola AG, Hoenicka J, Infante J, Jesús S, Jimenez-Escrig A, Kulisevsky J, Labrador-Espinosa MA, Lopez-Sendon JL, de Munain Arregui AL, Macias D, Torres IM, Marín J, Marti MJ, Martínez-Castrillo JC, Méndez-Del-Barrio C, González MM, Mata M, Mínguez A, Mir P, Rezola EM, Muñoz E, Pagonabarraga J, Pastor P, Errazquin FP, Periñán-Tocino T, Ruiz-Martínez J, Ruz C, Rodriguez AS, Sierra M, Suarez-Sanmartin E, Tabernero C, Tartari JP, Tejera-Parrado C, Tolosa E, Valldeoriola F, Vargas-González L, Vela L, Vives F, Zimprich A, Pihlstrom L, Toft M, Taba P, Koks S, Hassin-Baer S, Majamaa K, Siitonen A, Tienari P, Okubadejo NU, Ojo OO, Kaiyrzhanov R, Shashkin C, Zharkinbekova N, Akhmetzhanov V, Kaishybayeva G, Karimova A, Khaibullin T, Lynch TL. Investigation of Autosomal Genetic Sex Differences in Parkinson's disease. Ann Neurol. 2021 Apr 26. doi: 10.1002/ana.26090. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 33901317.
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