A paradigm shift is a fundamental change in the underlying assumptions, approaches, or methodologies within a particular field or discipline. The term was popularized by philosopher of science Thomas Kuhn to describe transformative changes in scientific thought.

In the context of neurosurgery, a paradigm shift might refer to the transition from traditional 2D imaging to immersive technologies like 3D virtual reality and 3D printing for preoperative planning. These innovations redefine how surgeons visualize anatomy, plan interventions, and ultimately improve patient safety and surgical outcomes.

Such shifts often lead to new standards of practice, replacing older models that are no longer sufficient to address evolving clinical challenges.