Cervical spinal stenosis etiology

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• Syndromic Atlanto-axial Instability: WFNS Consensus on Screening and Surveillance, Sports Clearance, and Treatment Options

see Cervical spondylotic myelopathy.

Cervical spinal cord dysfunction can result from either traumatic or nontraumatic causes, including tumors, infections, and degenerative changes.

Cervical spinal stenosis is usually caused by age-related changes in the shape and size of the spinal canal and so is most common in people older than age 50. The aging process can cause a “bulging of the discs”—the spongy discs between the bones of the spine bulge out farther than normal—or a thickening of tissues that connect bones (ligaments). Aging can also lead to destruction of tissues that cover bones (cartilage) and excessive growth of the bones in joints. These conditions can narrow the spinal canal (spinal stenosis).

In rare cases, the spinal canal is narrowed from birth because of the way the bones are formed.

Cervical spinal stenosis is a defining feature of cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM).

The etiology of cervical spinal canal stenosis is divided into congenital or acquired etiologies.

achondroplasia

anterior vertebral beaking or wedging

early vertebral arch ossification

thoracolumbar kyphosis

vertebral segmentation failure

see also Degenerative cervical myelopathy etiology

Cervical Disc degeneration

Hypertrophy of the facet joints

Hypertrophy of the cervical ligamentum flavum.

Hypertrophy of the posterior longitudinal ligament.

Ossification of the cervical ligamentum flavum.

ligamentum flavum calcification

posterior longitudinal ligament ossification

stenosis secondary to disc herniation

spondylolisthesis

spondylosis

scoliosis

Cushing syndrome

acromegaly

hyperparathyroidism

ankylosing spondylitis

Paget's disease

iatrogenic

previous spinal fusion

previous spinal instrumentation

osteomyelitis

There are few reports regarding surgical management of multilevel cervical spinal stenosis with spinal cord injury.