Surgical volume in neurosurgery

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Surgical volume refers to the number of transsphenoidal surgeries (TSS) performed annually at a given institution or by an individual surgeon. It is a critical factor in determining surgical success, complication rates, and overall patient outcomes.

High-volume centers (HVCs) have been consistently associated with:

Higher tumor resection rates
Lower complication rates
Improved long-term endocrine function

Factor	High-Volume Centers (HVC)	Low-Volume Centers (LVC)
Tumor Resection Rate	Higher (More complete resections)	Lower (Higher residual tumor rate)
Complication Rate	Lower (<20%)	Higher (>25%)
Endocrine Remission Rate	Improved in functioning PitNETs	Lower remission rates
Postoperative CSF Leak	Reduced (<5-10%)	Increased (>10%)
Hypopituitarism	Less frequent	More common

Why Does Surgical Volume Matter?

Surgeon Experience → More cases lead to refined techniques and better intraoperative decision-making.
Institutional Expertise → Multidisciplinary teams (neurosurgeons, endocrinologists, neuroradiologists) improve perioperative management.
Technology & Equipment → HVCs invest in neuronavigation, intraoperative MRI, and high-quality endoscopic systems.
Postoperative Care → Specialized units can better manage complications like CSF leaks and diabetes insipidus (DI).

The definition of a high-volume center varies, but international standards suggest:

≥50 TSS per year (some studies set a threshold of ≥100/year)
Dedicated pituitary surgery team
Availability of intraoperative imaging and neuromonitoring

'🔹 In Spain (TESSPAIN Study, 2025):' High-volume centers were defined as those performing >25 TSS/year or having national expertise, but this threshold may underestimate the benefits of very high-volume centers.

Several studies confirm better outcomes in high-volume centers:

De Almeida et al. (2022): Centers performing >100 cases/year had higher remission rates in Cushing’s disease and GH-secreting PitNETs.
Petersen et al. (2021): High-volume institutions had a lower CSF leak rate and better visual outcomes for macroadenomas.
TESSPAIN Study (2025): Spanish HVCs had higher success rates (53.1% vs. 47.7%) and lower complications.

Surgical volume is a key determinant of pituitary surgery outcomes.
Centralization of transsphenoidal surgery in high-volume centers improves tumor resection, endocrine remission, and reduces complications.
National guidelines should encourage referral to experienced centers to optimize results.

TESSPAIN evaluates TSS outcomes in Spanish centers to assess the influence of surgical volume and specialized neurosurgery teams on success and complication rates.

A retrospective, nationwide study of Spanish centers performing TSS between January 2018 and December 2022. Centers were classified as high-volume centers (HV) [n=11, defined as centers with recognized expertise in Spain or those performing more than 25 TSS/year] or non-HV. Data collection included surgical success rates, complications, and pituitary adenoma resectability (R-PA). Additional analyses evaluated the impact of dedicated neurosurgical teams (DNT) within HV centers.

2815 TSS from 29 Spanish centers were included (1421 NSPA, 436 GH-secreting, 323 Cushing's disease, 127 PRL-secreting, and 25 TSH-secreting PA). The overall success rate was 50.5%, 76.8% for R-PA. HV centers had a higher overall success rate (53.1 vs. 47.7%; p=0.03). Better TSS outcomes for NSPA accounted for this difference. The overall TSS complication rate was 22.1%, which was higher for NSPA than for SPA (25.0 vs. 17.7%). The overall complication rate of TSS for PA was significantly higher in non-HV centers than in HV centers (24 vs 20.4.0; p <0.01). Centers with a DNT showed a trend to higher success rate in R-PA, while having a lower overall incidence of complications in TSS for PA than HV centers without a DNT (18.5 vs. 23.0; p=0.058), mainly reducing the rate of permanent ADH deficiency in all TSS for PA (2.7 vs. 8.4%; p<0.001).

Higher surgical volume and DNT are associated with improved TSS outcomes for PA in Spain. The results support the recommendation of concentrating pituitary surgery in a reduced number of centers of expertise in the country to improve the success rate and reduce complications, mainly postoperative ADH deficiency ¹⁾

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Paja M, Soto A, Hanzu FA, Guerrero-Pérez F, Cámara R, Moure D, Gálvez Á, Simó-Servat A, Villar-Taibo R, Calatayud M, Vicente A, Recio-Córdova JM, Serra G, Martín Rojas-Marcos P, Parra-Ramírez P, Araujo-Castro M, Librizzi S, Irigaray A, Ollero D, Aznar S, Muñoz F, Aulinas A, González-Fernández L, García-Centeno R, Egaña N, González-Vidal T, Menéndez E, Delgado AM, Abarca J, Sottile J, Picó AM, Novo C, Ortiz I, Tenorio C, de León R, de Pablos-Velasco P, Crespo C, Peñalver D, Díaz-Soto G, Puig-Domingo M, Biagetti B. Outcomes of transsphenoidal surgery for pituitary adenomas in Spain: a retrospective multicenter study. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2025 Feb 21;16:1529418. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2025.1529418. PMID: 40060376; PMCID: PMC11886961.