Scientific methodology refers to the systematic, logical, and empirical framework used to investigate questions, generate knowledge, and validate findings through observation, experimentation, and analysis.

• Observation: Careful identification of phenomena or patterns.
• Hypothesis formulation: Testable and falsifiable propositions.
• Experimental design: Controlled methods to test hypotheses.
• Data collection: Accurate and objective gathering of information.
• Analysis: Use of statistical or computational tools to interpret results.
• Validation: Reproducibility, peer review, and external confirmation.
• Conclusion: Interpretation of findings in context, acknowledging limitations.

• Objectivity: Avoiding bias in design, interpretation, and reporting.
• Reproducibility: Methods and results should be repeatable by others.
• Transparency: Clear documentation of procedures and assumptions.
• Falsifiability: Theories must be disprovable by evidence.

Use of the term “scientific methodology” without adherence to these principles can be misleading, especially in:

• Poorly validated AI models
• Overinterpreted tractography results
• Flashy but untested clinical tools