Pediatric epidural hematoma diagnosis

CT for pediatric epidural hematoma.

1: Umerani MS, Abbas A, Aziz F, Shahid R, Ali F, Rizvi RK. Pediatric Extradural Hematoma: Clinical Assessment Using King's Outcome Scale for Childhood Head Injury. Asian J Neurosurg. 2018 Jul-Sep;13(3):681-684. doi: 10.4103/ajns.AJNS_164_16. PubMed PMID: 30283526; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC6159040.

2: Rumalla K, Smith KA, Letchuman V, Gandham M, Kombathula R, Arnold PM. Nationwide incidence and risk factors for posttraumatic seizures in children with traumatic brain injury. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 2018 Dec 1;22(6):684-693. doi: 10.3171/2018.6.PEDS1813. PubMed PMID: 30239282.

3: Banerjee C, Yowtak J, Fridlyand D, Alleyne C Jr. Acute spontaneous intracranial epidural haematoma and disseminated intravascular coagulation in a paediatric sickle cell patient. BMJ Case Rep. 2018 Aug 29;2018. pii: bcr-2018-224504. doi: 10.1136/bcr-2018-224504. PubMed PMID: 30158257.

4: Flaherty BF, Moore HE, Riva-Cambrin J, Bratton SL. Repeat Head CT for Expectant Management of Traumatic Epidural Hematoma. Pediatrics. 2018 Sep;142(3). pii: e20180385. doi: 10.1542/peds.2018-0385. PubMed PMID: 30154118.

5: Han K, Li Z, Yin H, Yao W, Lan X, Bo Y. Liquid Posterior Fossa Epidural Hematoma in Pediatric Trauma: A Single-Center Case Series. J Neurol Surg A Cent Eur Neurosurg. 2018 Sep;79(5):380-385. doi: 10.1055/s-0038-1648225. Epub 2018 Jun 14. PubMed PMID: 29902825.

6: Elswick CM, Wyrick D, Gurien LA, Rettiganti M, Gowen M, Pownall A, Bahgat D, Maxson RT, Öcal E, Albert GW. Resource utilization and indications for helicopter transport of head-injured children. J Pediatr Surg. 2018 Sep;53(9):1795-1799. doi: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2018.04.032. Epub 2018 May 1. PubMed PMID: 29792280.

7: Yanni DS, Cruz AS, Halim AY, Gill AS, Muhonen MG, Heary RF, Goldstein IM. Sublaminar fixation for traumatic lumbar fracture subluxation with lateral listhesis in a 2-year-old patient. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 2018 Aug;22(2):200-206. doi: 10.3171/2018.1.PEDS1648. Epub 2018 May 4. PubMed PMID: 29726793.

8: Root BK, Schartz DA, Calnan DR, Hickey WF, Bauer DF. Cervicothoracic epidural hematoma in a toddler with miosis, ptosis, nonspecific symptoms, and no history of major trauma: case report. Childs Nerv Syst. 2018 Jun;34(6):1259-1262. doi: 10.1007/s00381-018-3736-7. Epub 2018 Feb 2. PubMed PMID: 29396720.

9: Bandte A, Fritzsche FS, Emami P, Kammler G, Püschel K, Krajewski K. Sport-Related Traumatic Brain Injury with and without Helmets in Children. World Neurosurg. 2018 Mar;111:e434-e439. doi: 10.1016/j.wneu.2017.12.094. Epub 2017 Dec 23. PubMed PMID: 29277588.

10: Jung JH, Chai YH, Jung S, Kim IY, Jang WY, Moon KS, Kim SK, Chong S, Kim SK, Jung TY. Visual outcome after endoscopic third ventriculostomy for hydrocephalus. Childs Nerv Syst. 2018 Feb;34(2):247-255. doi: 10.1007/s00381-017-3626-4. Epub 2017 Nov 3. PubMed PMID: 29101614.

11: Tallapragada K, Peddada RS, Dexter M. Paediatric mild head injury: is routine admission to a tertiary trauma hospital necessary? ANZ J Surg. 2018 Mar;88(3):202-206. doi: 10.1111/ans.14175. Epub 2017 Sep 18. PubMed PMID: 28922710.

12: Ozturk S, Ozturk Y, Ocal O. The First Case of Kernohan-Woltman Notch Phenomenon Caused by Epidural Hematoma in a Pediatric Patient. Pediatr Neurosurg. 2017;52(3):181-184. doi: 10.1159/000474945. Epub 2017 May 25. PubMed PMID: 28538230.

13: Champagne PO, He KX, Mercier C, Weil AG, Crevier L. Conservative Management of Large Traumatic Supratentorial Epidural Hematoma in the Pediatric Population. Pediatr Neurosurg. 2017;52(3):168-172. doi: 10.1159/000455925. Epub 2017 Mar 23. PubMed PMID: 28329751.

14: Greenberg JK, Yan Y, Carpenter CR, Lumba-Brown A, Keller MS, Pineda JA, Brownson RC, Limbrick DD. Development and Internal Validation of a Clinical Risk Score for Treating Children With Mild Head Trauma and Intracranial Injury. JAMA Pediatr. 2017 Apr 1;171(4):342-349. doi: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2016.4520. PubMed PMID: 28192567.

15: Baerg J, Thirumoorthi A, Vannix R, Taha A, Young A, Zouros A. Cervical spine imaging for young children with inflicted trauma: Expanding the injury pattern. J Pediatr Surg. 2017 May;52(5):816-821. doi: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2017.01.049. Epub 2017 Jan 30. PubMed PMID: 28190553.

16: Sellin JN, Moreno A, Ryan SL, Lam SK, Donaruma-Kwoh M, Luerssen TG, Jea A. Children presenting in delayed fashion after minor head trauma with scalp swelling: do they require further workup? Childs Nerv Syst. 2017 Apr;33(4):647-652. doi: 10.1007/s00381-016-3332-7. Epub 2017 Jan 3. PubMed PMID: 28050641.

17: Bourdillon P, Ryvlin P, Isnard J, Montavont A, Catenoix H, Mauguière F, Rheims S, Ostrowsky-Coste K, Guénot M. Stereotactic Electroencephalography Is a Safe Procedure, Including for Insular Implantations. World Neurosurg. 2017 Mar;99:353-361. doi: 10.1016/j.wneu.2016.12.025. Epub 2016 Dec 19. PubMed PMID: 28003163.

18: Kiessling JW 4th, Hertzler DA 2nd, Drucker DE, Spader HS. Traumatic Frontal Epidural Hematoma Caused by Multiple Arterial Injuries in the Anterior Fossa. World Neurosurg. 2017 Jan;97:757.e19-757.e23. doi: 10.1016/j.wneu.2016.10.017. Epub 2016 Oct 14. PubMed PMID: 27751928.

19: Flaherty BF, Moore HE, Riva-Cambrin J, Bratton SL. Pediatric patients with traumatic epidural hematoma at low risk for deterioration and need for surgical treatment. J Pediatr Surg. 2017 Feb;52(2):334-339. doi: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2016.09.005. Epub 2016 Sep 15. PubMed PMID: 27663125.

20: Hamm J, Rathore N, Lee P, LeBlanc Z, Lebensburger J, Meier ER, Kwiatkowski JL. Cranial epidural hematomas: A case series and literature review of this rare complication associated with sickle cell disease. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2017 Mar;64(3). doi: 10.1002/pbc.26237. Epub 2016 Sep 13. Review. PubMed PMID: 27618802.

21: Işık S, Akakın A, Ekşi MŞ, Yılmaz B, Aksoy T, Konakçı M, Toktaş ZO, Kılıç T. Bilateral Central Foot Drop in a Pediatric Patient. Pediatr Neurosurg. 2017;52(1):62-66. Epub 2016 Jul 19. Review. PubMed PMID: 27427994.

22: Young JY, Duhaime AC, Caruso PA, Rincon SP. Comparison of non-sedated brain MRI and CT for the detection of acute traumatic injury in children 6 years of age or less. Emerg Radiol. 2016 Aug;23(4):325-31. doi: 10.1007/s10140-016-1392-3. Epub 2016 May 11. PubMed PMID: 27166965.

23: Benifla M, Merkin V, Rosenthal G, Shoshan Y, Melamed I. Supraciliary keyhole craniotomy for anterior frontal lesions in children. J Clin Neurosci. 2016 Apr;26:37-41. doi: 10.1016/j.jocn.2015.10.024. Epub 2016 Jan 4. PubMed PMID: 26758703.

24: Mirsadykov DA, Abdumazhitova MM, Usmankhanov OA. [Principles and experience of surgical treatment of spina bifida in adults]. Zh Vopr Neirokhir Im N N Burdenko. 2015;79(5):52-62. doi: 10.17116/neiro201579552-62. English, Russian. PubMed PMID: 26528613.

25: Pezeshki A, Rahmani F, Ebrahimi Bakhtavar H, Fekri S. Battered Child Syndrome; a Case Study. Emerg (Tehran). 2015 Spring;3(2):81-2. PubMed PMID: 26495388; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4614596.

26: Prasad GL, Gupta DK, Sharma BS, Mahapatra AK. Traumatic Pediatric Posterior Fossa Extradural Hematomas: A Tertiary-Care Trauma Center Experience from India. Pediatr Neurosurg. 2015;50(5):250-6. doi: 10.1159/000438488. Epub 2015 Aug 20. PubMed PMID: 26287640.

27: Newman WC, Tempel ZJ, Tyler-Kabara EC. Posttraumatic Cervical Nerve Root Avulsion with Epidural Hematoma. World Neurosurg. 2015 Oct;84(4):1177.e9-11. doi: 10.1016/j.wneu.2015.06.050. Epub 2015 Jun 29. PubMed PMID: 26134981.

28: Claiborne JR, Hoge MK, Wood BC, Couture DE, David LR. Extradural Ossification Following Epidural Hematoma in Children: A Rare But Significant Entity. J Craniofac Surg. 2015 Jul;26(5):1500-3. doi: 10.1097/SCS.0000000000001806. PubMed PMID: 26106995.

29: Sandvik U, Svensdotter E, Gustavsson B. Spinal cavernous extradural angiolipoma manifesting as a spontaneous spinal epidural hematoma in a child. Childs Nerv Syst. 2015 Aug;31(8):1223-6. doi: 10.1007/s00381-015-2760-0. Epub 2015 Jun 12. PubMed PMID: 26065860.

30: Babayev R, Ekşi MŞ. Spontaneous thoracic epidural hematoma: a case report and literature review. Childs Nerv Syst. 2016 Jan;32(1):181-7. doi: 10.1007/s00381-015-2768-5. Epub 2015 Jun 2. Review. PubMed PMID: 26033378.

31: Josephsen JB, Kemp J, Elbabaa SK, Al-Hosni M. Life-threatening neonatal epidural hematoma caused by precipitous vaginal delivery. Am J Case Rep. 2015 Jan 30;16:50-2. doi: 10.12659/AJCR.892506. PubMed PMID: 25633886; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4315626.

32: Garber ST, Riva-Cambrin JK. Occipital aneurysmal bone cyst rupture following head trauma: case report. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 2015 Mar;15(3):272-5. doi: 10.3171/2014.9.PEDS14224. Epub 2015 Jan 2. PubMed PMID: 25555115.

33: Iizuka Y, Iizuka H, Nagano K, Tsutsumi S, Nakajima T, Takagishi K. Laminoplasty preserving the deep extensor musculature for a pediatric cervicothoracic epidural hematoma case of hemophilia A. J Pediatr Orthop B. 2014 Nov;23(6):584-8. doi: 10.1097/BPB.0000000000000095. PubMed PMID: 25153644.

34: Skadorwa T, Zygańska E, Eibl M, Ciszek B. Distinct strategies in the treatment of epidural hematoma in children: clinical considerations. Pediatr Neurosurg. 2013;49(3):166-71. doi: 10.1159/000359954. Epub 2014 Apr 8. PubMed PMID: 24732678.

35: Greenberg JK, Stoev IT, Park TS, Smyth MD, Leonard JR, Leonard JC, Pineda JA, Limbrick DD. Management of children with mild traumatic brain injury and intracranial hemorrhage. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2014 Apr;76(4):1089-95. doi: 10.1097/TA.0000000000000155. PubMed PMID: 24662876; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4152372.

36: Per H, Canpolat M, Tümtürk A, Gumuş H, Gokoglu A, Yikilmaz A, Özmen S, Kaçar Bayram A, Poyrazoğlu HG, Kumandas S, Kurtsoy A. Different etiologies of acquired torticollis in childhood. Childs Nerv Syst. 2014 Mar;30(3):431-40. doi: 10.1007/s00381-013-2302-6. Epub 2013 Nov 6. PubMed PMID: 24196698.

37: Yiş U, Kalemci O, Polat I, Karaoğlu P, Oztura I, Güleryüz H, Kurul SH. Chronic spinal epidural hematoma. J Pediatr. 2014 Jan;164(1):215-215.e1. doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2013.08.043. Epub 2013 Oct 8. PubMed PMID: 24119875.

38: Paraskevopoulos D, Magras I, Polyzoidis K. Spontaneous spinal epidural hematoma secondary to extradural arteriovenous malformation in a child: a case-based update. Childs Nerv Syst. 2013 Nov;29(11):1985-91. doi: 10.1007/s00381-013-2214-5. Epub 2013 Jun 29. PubMed PMID: 23812629.

39: Pérez-Bovet J, Garcia-Armengol R, Martín Ferrer S. Traumatic epidural retroclival hematoma with odontoid fracture and cardiorespiratory arrest. Spinal Cord. 2013 Dec;51(12):926-8. doi: 10.1038/sc.2013.53. Epub 2013 Jun 11. PubMed PMID: 23752261.

40: Beer-Furlan A, de Almeida CC, Noleto G, Paiva W, Ferreira AA, Teixeira MJ. Dural sinus and internal jugular vein thrombosis complicating a blunt head injury in a pediatric patient. Childs Nerv Syst. 2013 Aug;29(8):1231-4. doi: 10.1007/s00381-013-2184-7. Epub 2013 Jun 9. PubMed PMID: 23748465.

41: Choi H, Lee JY, Phi JH, Kim SK, Cho BK, Wang KC. Postoperative epidural hematoma covering the galeal flap in pediatric patients with moyamoya disease: clinical manifestation, risk factors, and outcomes. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 2013 Aug;12(2):181-6. doi: 10.3171/2013.4.PEDS12505. Epub 2013 Jun 7. PubMed PMID: 23746127.

42: Tataryn Z, Botsford B, Riesenburger R, Kryzanski J, Hwang S. Spontaneous resolution of an acute epidural hematoma with normal intracranial pressure: case report and literature review. Childs Nerv Syst. 2013 Nov;29(11):2127-30. doi: 10.1007/s00381-013-2167-8. Epub 2013 May 26. Review. PubMed PMID: 23708934.

43: Gupta V, Kundra S, Chaudhary A, Kaushal R. Cervical epidural hematoma in a child. J Neurosci Rural Pract. 2012 May;3(2):217-8. doi: 10.4103/0976-3147.98259. PubMed PMID: 22865988; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3410008.

44: Marandat S, Geronimo M, Pech-Gourg G, Degardin N, Lena G, Scavarda D. [Eyelid approach and pediatric orbital tumors: indications and surgical technique. About three children]. Neurochirurgie. 2012 Aug;58(4):246-9. doi: 10.1016/j.neuchi.2012.01.002. Epub 2012 Mar 14. French. PubMed PMID: 22425582.

45: Kovacevic A, Schmidt KG, Schaper J, Messing-Juenger M, Hoehn T. Severely impaired wound healing in a Fontan patient after neurosurgery: a novel topic in univentricular heart physiology? Childs Nerv Syst. 2012 Oct;28(10):1815-7. Epub 2012 Mar 1. PubMed PMID: 22383164.

46: Jung JM, Lee JY, Phi JH, Kim SK, Cheon JE, Kim IO, Wang KC. Value of routine immediate postoperative brain computerized tomography in pediatric neurosurgical patients. Childs Nerv Syst. 2012 May;28(5):673-9. doi: 10.1007/s00381-012-1716-x. Epub 2012 Feb 28. PubMed PMID: 22370691.

47: Scheibl A, Calderón EM, Borau MJ, Prieto RM, González PF, Galiana GG. Epidural hematoma. J Pediatr Surg. 2012 Feb;47(2):e19-21. doi: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2011.10.078. PubMed PMID: 22325415.

48: Becco de Souza R, Brasileiro de Aguiar G, Sette Dos Santos ME, Acioly MA. Retroclival epidural hematoma in a child affected by whiplash cervical injury: a typical case of a rare condition. Pediatr Neurosurg. 2011;47(4):288-91. doi: 10.1159/000335446. Epub 2012 Feb 3. PubMed PMID: 22310377.

49: Azumagawa K, Yamamoto S, Tanaka K, Sakanaka H, Teraura H, Takahashi K, Tamai H. Non-operative treated spontaneous spinal epidural hematoma in a 12-year-old boy. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2012 Feb;28(2):167-9. doi: 10.1097/PEC.0b013e318244785d. PubMed PMID: 22307186.

50: Sencer A, Aras Y, Akcakaya MO, Goker B, Kiris T, Canbolat AT. Posterior fossa epidural hematomas in children: clinical experience with 40 cases. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 2012 Feb;9(2):139-43. doi: 10.3171/2011.11.PEDS11177. PubMed PMID: 22295917.

51: Nayil K, Ramzan A, Arif S, Wani A, Sheikh Z, Wani T, Laharwal M, Dhar A. Hypodensity of extradural hematomas in children: an ominous sign. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 2011 Oct;8(4):417-21. doi: 10.3171/2011.7.PEDS11123. PubMed PMID: 21961552.

52: McDougall CM, Sankar T, Mehta V, Pugh JA. Pediatric traumatic retroclival epidural hematoma. Can J Neurol Sci. 2011 Mar;38(2):338-40. PubMed PMID: 21320842.

53: Wang A, Cohen AR, Robinson S. The “swing-ding”: a golf-related head injury in children. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 2011 Jan;7(1):111-5. doi: 10.3171/2010.10.PEDS10283. PubMed PMID: 21194295.

54: Cabral AJ, Barros A, Aveiro C, Vasconcelos R. Spontaneous spinal epidural haematoma due to arteriovenous malformation in a child. BMJ Case Rep. 2011 May 12;2011. pii: bcr0220113875. doi: 10.1136/bcr.02.2011.3875. PubMed PMID: 22696725; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3094776.

55: Sridhar K, Venkateswara PG, Ramakrishnaiah S, Iyer V. Posttraumatic retroclival acute subdural hematoma: report of two cases and review of literature. Neurol India. 2010 Nov-Dec;58(6):945-8. doi: 10.4103/0028-3886.73756. Review. PubMed PMID: 21150065.

56: Mesfin FB, Perkins NW, Brook C, Foyt D, German JW. Epidural hematoma after tympanomastoidectomy and bone-anchored hearing aid (BAHA) placement: case report. Neurosurgery. 2010 Nov;67(5):E1451-3; discussion E1453. doi: 10.1227/NEU.0b013e3181f34f66. PubMed PMID: 20871434.

57: El-Ghandour NM. Endoscopic third ventriculostomy versus ventriculoperitoneal shunt in the treatment of obstructive hydrocephalus due to posterior fossa tumors in children. Childs Nerv Syst. 2011 Jan;27(1):117-26. doi: 10.1007/s00381-010-1263-2. Epub 2010 Aug 25. PubMed PMID: 20737274.

58: Tubbs RS, Griessenauer CJ, Hankinson T, Rozzelle C, Wellons JC 3rd, Blount JP, Oakes WJ, Cohen-Gadol AA. Retroclival epidural hematomas: a clinical series. Neurosurgery. 2010 Aug;67(2):404-6; discussion 406-7. doi: 10.1227/01.NEU.0000372085.70895.E7. PubMed PMID: 20644426.

59: Kiehna EN, Waldron PE, Jane JA. Conservative management of an acute spontaneous holocord epidural hemorrhage in a hemophiliac infant. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 2010 Jul;6(1):43-8. doi: 10.3171/2010.4.PEDS09537. PubMed PMID: 20593987.

60: Ciurea AV, Tascu A, Brehar FM, Nuteanu L, Rizea R. A life threatening problem in infants: supratentorial epidural hematoma. J Med Life. 2009 Apr-Jun;2(2):191-5. PubMed PMID: 20108539; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3018979.

61: Sarikaya-Seiwert S, Gierga K, Wessalowski R, Steiger HJ, Hänggi D. Solitary spinal epidural cavernous angiomas in children presenting with acute neurological symptoms caused by hemorrhage. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 2010 Jan;5(1):89-93. doi: 10.3171/2009.7.PEDS09203. PubMed PMID: 20043742.

62: Beslow LA, Licht DJ, Smith SE, Storm PB, Heuer GG, Zimmerman RA, Feiler AM, Kasner SE, Ichord RN, Jordan LC. Predictors of outcome in childhood intracerebral hemorrhage: a prospective consecutive cohort study. Stroke. 2010 Feb;41(2):313-8. doi: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.109.568071. Epub 2009 Dec 17. PubMed PMID: 20019325; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2821039.

63: Vassilyadi M, Mehrotra N, Shamji MF, Michaud J. Pediatric traumatic dural arteriovenous fistula. Can J Neurol Sci. 2009 Nov;36(6):751-6. PubMed PMID: 19960755.

64: Tuzun Y, Solmaz I, Sengul G, Izci Y. The complications of cerebral hydatid cyst surgery in children. Childs Nerv Syst. 2010 Jan;26(1):47-51. doi: 10.1007/s00381-009-0970-z. Epub 2009 Aug 7. PubMed PMID: 19662423.

65: Jamous MA, Abdel Aziz H, Al Kaisy F, Eloqayli H, Azab M, Al-Jarrah M. Conservative management of acute epidural hematoma in a pediatric age group. Pediatr Neurosurg. 2009;45(3):181-4. doi: 10.1159/000218200. Epub 2009 May 14. PubMed PMID: 19440005.

66: Kitagawa RS, Mawad ME, Whitehead WE, Curry DJ, Luersen TG, Jea A. Paraspinal arteriovenous malformations in children. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 2009 May;3(5):425-8. doi: 10.3171/2009.2.PEDS08427. Review. PubMed PMID: 19409023.

67: Jha NK, Ebrahim S, Fallah A, Cenic A, De Villiers RA. Pin-site epidural hematoma in an adult case of chronic hydrocephalus with associated thinning of the cranium. Br J Neurosurg. 2009 Apr;23(2):211-2. doi: 10.1080/02688690802434830. PubMed PMID: 19306183.

68: Gerlach R, Dittrich S, Schneider W, Ackermann H, Seifert V, Kieslich M. Traumatic epidural hematomas in children and adolescents: outcome analysis in 39 consecutive unselected cases. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2009 Mar;25(3):164-9. doi: 10.1097/PEC.0b013e31819a8966. PubMed PMID: 19262419.

69: Casey D, Chaudhary BR, Leach PA, Herwadkar A, Karabatsou K. Traumatic clival subdural hematoma in an adult. J Neurosurg. 2009 Jun;110(6):1238-41. doi: 10.3171/2008.9.JNS17651. PubMed PMID: 19025356.

70: Kwon TH, Joy H, Park YK, Chung HS. Traumatic retroclival epidural hematoma in a child: case report. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo). 2008 Aug;48(8):347-50. PubMed PMID: 18719324.

71: Vitali AM, Steinbok P. Depressed skull fracture and epidural hematoma from head fixation with pins for craniotomy in children. Childs Nerv Syst. 2008 Aug;24(8):917-23; discussion 925. doi: 10.1007/s00381-008-0621-9. Epub 2008 Apr 4. PubMed PMID: 18389258.

72: Levine NB, Miller MN, Crone KR. Endoscopic resection of colloid cysts: indications, technique, and results during a 13-year period. Minim Invasive Neurosurg. 2007 Dec;50(6):313-7. doi: 10.1055/s-2007-993215. PubMed PMID: 18210351.

73: Baldi C, Bettinelli S, Grossi P, Fausto A, Sardanelli F, Cavalloro F, Allegri M, Braschi A. Ultrasound guidance for locoregional anesthesia: a review. Minerva Anestesiol. 2007 Nov;73(11):587-93. Review. PubMed PMID: 17952031.

74: Güzel A, Simşek O, Karasalihoğlu S, Küçükuğurluoğlu Y, Acunaş B, Tosun A, Cakir B. Spontaneous spinal epidural hematoma after seizure: a case report. Clin Pediatr (Phila). 2007 Apr;46(3):263-5. PubMed PMID: 17416884.

75: Guillaume D, Menezes AH. Retroclival hematoma in the pediatric population. Report of two cases and review of the literature. J Neurosurg. 2006 Oct;105(4 Suppl):321-5. Review. PubMed PMID: 17328284.

76: Durham SR, Liu KC, Selden NR. Utility of serial computed tomography imaging in pediatric patients with head trauma. J Neurosurg. 2006 Nov;105(5 Suppl):365-9. PubMed PMID: 17328259.

77: Tailor J, Dunn IF, Smith E. Conservative treatment of spontaneous spinal epidural hematoma associated with oral anticoagulant therapy in a child. Childs Nerv Syst. 2006 Dec;22(12):1643-5. Epub 2006 Sep 15. PubMed PMID: 16977486.

78: Kim KA, Wang MY, Griffith PM, Summers S, Levy ML. Analysis of pediatric head injury from falls. Neurosurg Focus. 2000 Jan 15;8(1):e3. PubMed PMID: 16906699.

79: Boran BO, Boran P, Barut N, Akgun C, Celikoglu E, Bozbuga M. Evaluation of mild head injury in a pediatric population. Pediatr Neurosurg. 2006;42(4):203-7. PubMed PMID: 16714859.

80: Agrawal D, Cochrane DD. Traumatic retroclival epidural hematoma - a pediatric entity? Childs Nerv Syst. 2006 Jul;22(7):670-3. Epub 2006 Mar 21. PubMed PMID: 16550441.

81: Fountas KN, Kapsalaki EZ, Robinson JS. Cervical epidural hematoma in children: a rare clinical entity. Case report and review of the literature. Neurosurg Focus. 2006 Feb 15;20(2):E6. Review. PubMed PMID: 16512657.

82: Watanabe T. Traumatic spinal epidural hematoma without bone disruption. Eur J Pediatr. 2006 Apr;165(4):278-9. Epub 2005 Dec 1. PubMed PMID: 16320071.

83: Heyman R, Heckly A, Magagi J, Pladys P, Hamlat A. Intracranial epidural hematoma in newborn infants: clinical study of 15 cases. Neurosurgery. 2005 Nov;57(5):924-9; discussion 924-9. Review. PubMed PMID: 16284562.

84: Holsti M, Kadish HA, Sill BL, Firth SD, Nelson DS. Pediatric closed head injuries treated in an observation unit. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2005 Oct;21(10):639-44. PubMed PMID: 16215464.

85: Tubbs RS, Smyth MD, Wellons JC 3rd, Oakes WJ. Intramedullary hemorrhage in a neonate after lumbar puncture resulting in paraplegia: a case report. Pediatrics. 2004 May;113(5):1403-5. PubMed PMID: 15121964.

86: Anderson C, Graupman PC, Hall WA, Sweeny M, Lam CH. Pediatric intracranial complications of central venous catheter placement. Pediatr Neurosurg. 2004 Jan-Feb;40(1):28-31. PubMed PMID: 15007226.

87: Blount J, Doughty K, Tubbs RS, Wellons JC, Reddy A, Law C, Karle V, Oakes WJ. In utero spontaneous cervical thoracic epidural hematoma imitating spinal cord birth injury. Pediatr Neurosurg. 2004 Jan-Feb;40(1):23-7. PubMed PMID: 15007225.

88: Yang BP. Traumatic retroclival epidural hematoma in a child. Pediatr Neurosurg. 2003 Dec;39(6):339-40. PubMed PMID: 14734870.

89: Mandera M, Larysz D, Pajak J, Klimczak A. Epidural hematomas in a child with Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome. Childs Nerv Syst. 2003 Jan;19(1):63-5. Epub 2002 Nov 19. PubMed PMID: 12541091.

90: Martínez-Lage JF, Bermúdez M, Martínez-Barba E, Fuster JL, Poza M. Epidural hematoma from a cranial eosinophilic granuloma. Childs Nerv Syst. 2002 Feb;18(1-2):74-6. Epub 2001 Sep 22. PubMed PMID: 11935249.

91: Ben Abraham R, Lahat E, Sheinman G, Feldman Z, Barzilai A, Harel R, Barzilay Z, Paret G. Metabolic and clinical markers of prognosis in the era of CT imaging in children with acute epidural hematomas. Pediatr Neurosurg. 2000 Aug;33(2):70-5. PubMed PMID: 11070432.

92: Bozbuğa M, Izgi N, Polat G, Gürel I. Posterior fossa epidural hematomas: observations on a series of 73 cases. Neurosurg Rev. 1999;22(1):34-40. PubMed PMID: 10348205.

93: Travis SF, Greenbaum BH, Mintz M, White RM, Stein S, Steckler RE, Hirsch KM, Donaldson MH. Epidural hematoma of a cauda equina in a child with hemophilia A. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 1996 Aug;18(3):308-10. PubMed PMID: 8689349.

94: Schunk JE, Rodgerson JD, Woodward GA. The utility of head computed tomographic scanning in pediatric patients with normal neurologic examination in the emergency department. Pediatr Emerg Care. 1996 Jun;12(3):160-5. PubMed PMID: 8806136.

95: Levy DI, Rekate HL, Cherny WB, Manwaring K, Moss SD, Baldwin HZ. Controlled lumbar drainage in pediatric head injury. J Neurosurg. 1995 Sep;83(3):453-60. PubMed PMID: 7666222.

96: Ciurea AV, Nuteanu L, Simionescu N, Georgescu S. Posterior fossa extradural hematomas in children: report of nine cases. Childs Nerv Syst. 1993 Jul;9(4):224-8. PubMed PMID: 8402704.

97: Ersahin Y, Mutluer S. Air in acute extradural hematomas: report of six cases. Surg Neurol. 1993 Jul;40(1):47-50. Review. PubMed PMID: 8322179.

98: Iguchi T, Ito Y, Asai M, Ito J, Okada N, Murakami M. [A case of spontaneous spinal epidural hematoma]. No To Hattatsu. 1993 May;25(3):267-70. Review. Japanese. PubMed PMID: 8517988.

99: Hahn YS, McLone DG. Risk factors in the outcome of children with minor head injury. Pediatr Neurosurg. 1993 May-Jun;19(3):135-42. PubMed PMID: 8499326.

100: Erşahin Y, Mutluer S, Güzelbag E. Extradural hematoma: analysis of 146 cases. Childs Nerv Syst. 1993 Apr;9(2):96-9. PubMed PMID: 8319240.

101: Colak A, Berker M, Ozcan OE. Occipital depression fractures in childhood. A report of 14 cases. Childs Nerv Syst. 1991 Apr;7(2):103-5. PubMed PMID: 1863927.

102: Jaimovich R, Monges JA. Delayed posttraumatic intracranial lesions in children. Pediatr Neurosurg. 1991-1992;17(1):25-9. Review. PubMed PMID: 1811709.

103: Paşaoğlu A, Orhon C, Koç K, Selçuklu A, Akdemir H, Uzunoğlu H. Traumatic extradural haematomas in pediatric age group. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 1990;106(3-4):136-9. PubMed PMID: 2284988.

104: Epstein NE, Gilder M, Black K. Anterior thoracic extradural hematoma in a 5-year-old child. Pediatr Neurosci. 1989;15(1):48-52. PubMed PMID: 2635775.

105: de Vlieger M. Evaluation of echoencephalography. J Clin Ultrasound. 1980 Feb;8(1):39-47. Review. PubMed PMID: 6766476.

106: Natelson SE, Sayers MP. The fate of children sustaining severe head trauma during birth. Pediatrics. 1973 Feb;51(2):169-74. PubMed PMID: 4695849.