Parkinsonism
Parkinsonism is a clinical syndrome characterized by tremor, bradykinesia, rigidity, and postural instability.
Etiology
Parkinsonism may be primary or secondary to other conditions. All result from a relative loss of dopamine mediated inhibition of the effects of acetylcholine in the basal ganglia.
Ischemic (lacunes in basal ganglia): produces so-called arteriosclerotic parkinsonism AKA vascular parkinsonism: “lower-half” parkinsonism (gait disturbance predominates 1)).
Also causes pseudobulbar deficits, and emotional lability. Tremor is rare
It is found in Parkinson's disease (PD)—after which it is named—dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), and Parkinson's disease dementia (PDD), and many other conditions. A wide range of causes may lead to this set of symptoms, including neurodegenerative conditions, drugs, toxins, metabolic diseases, and neurological conditions other than PD.
Despite various neurologic symptoms of Poland syndrome (PS), parkinsonism was never reported in PS, and the response to the treatment of parkinsonism was not studied before. Youn et al. report a case of ipsilateral parkinsonism in PS, similar to hemiatrophy-hemiparkinsonism, with a good response to levodopa and subthalamic deep brain stimulation. 2)