Painful ophthalmoplegia

• Tolosa-Hunt syndrome presenting as persistent unilateral headache and painful ophthalmoplegia: A rare case report highlighting diagnostic challenges and therapeutic response
• Cavernous sinus syndrome in a patient with occult nasopharyngeal carcinoma: A diagnostic challenge
• Alternating Bilateral Painful Ophthalmoplegia
• Bilateral recurrent painful ophthalmoplegic neuropathy in an adolescent female
• An Interesting Case of Recurrent Ophthalmoplegic Neuropathy
• Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder With Unilateral Retrobulbar Neuritis: A Case Report
• Clinical analysis of Tolosa-Hunt syndrome
• Tolosa Hunt syndrome: A rare cause of headache

Painful ophthalmoplegia: Pain and dysfunction of ocular motility (may be due to involvement of one or more of cranial nerves III, IV, V & VI).

1. intraorbital

a) inflammatorypseudotumor(idiopathicorbitalinflammation):

b) contiguous sinusitis

c) invasive fungal sinus infection producing orbital apex syndrome.

see Rhino-Orbital-Cerebral Mucormycosis.

d) mets

e) lymphoma

2. superior orbital fissure/anterior cavernous sinus

a) Tolosa-Huntsyndrome:

b) mets

c) nasopharyngeal Ca

d) lymphoma

e) herpes zoster

f) carotid-cavernous fistula

g) cavernous sinus thrombosis

h) intracavernousaneurysm

3. parasellar region

a) pituitaryadenoma

b) mets

c) nasopharyngeal Ca

d) sphenoid sinus mucocele

e) meningioma/chordoma

f) apical petrositis (Gradenigo’s syndrome):

4. posterior fossa

a) p-commaneurysm

b) basilar artery aneurysm(rare)

5. miscellaneous

a) diabeticophthalmoplegia

b) migrainousophthalmoplegia

c) cranial arteritis

d) tuberculous meningitis:maycauseophthalmoplegia,usuallyincomplete,mostoftenprimarily oculomotor nerve