Osteoarthritis (OA)

Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common form of arthritis, characterized by the gradual degeneration of joint cartilage and the underlying bone. It most frequently affects weight-bearing joints such as the knees, hips, and spine, but it can also occur in smaller joints, such as those in the hands.

### Key Points about Osteoarthritis:

1. Pathophysiology:

1. Cartilage Degeneration: OA is marked by the breakdown of articular cartilage, which serves as a cushion between bones. This leads to joint friction, pain, and inflammation.
2. Bone Changes: As cartilage erodes, the bone beneath thickens and may form bone spurs (osteophytes). In severe cases, the joint space narrows, resulting in reduced mobility and pain.
3. Inflammation: Although OA was once considered purely degenerative, research now shows that it involves low-grade inflammation that contributes to the disease progression.

2. Causes and Risk Factors:

1. Aging: The risk of developing OA increases with age as the cartilage naturally wears down over time.
2. Genetics: Family history can predispose individuals to OA.
3. Joint Injury: Past joint injuries, such as those from sports or accidents, can increase the risk of OA.
4. Obesity: Excess body weight places additional stress on weight-bearing joints, accelerating cartilage breakdown.
5. Repetitive Stress: Occupations or activities that involve repetitive joint movement can lead to OA.

3. Symptoms:

1. Pain: Joint pain that worsens with activity and improves with rest.
2. Stiffness: Typically more pronounced after periods of inactivity, such as in the morning or after sitting.
3. Swelling: Joint inflammation can lead to mild swelling.
4. Reduced Range of Motion: Difficulty moving the affected joint.
5. Crepitus: A grating or crackling sound when moving the joint.

4. Diagnosis:

1. Clinical Evaluation: A physical examination to assess joint pain, range of motion, and symptoms.
2. Imaging: X-rays can show joint space narrowing, bone spurs, and other signs of OA. MRI scans may be used for more detailed views of the cartilage.
3. Laboratory Tests: While there are no specific blood tests for OA, they can help rule out other types of arthritis (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis).

Osteoarthritis Treatment.

### Conclusion: Osteoarthritis is a chronic joint condition that can significantly impact quality of life due to pain and limited mobility. While there is no cure, a combination of lifestyle changes, medications, physical therapy, and in some cases, surgery, can effectively manage symptoms and slow the disease's progression. Early diagnosis and proactive management are crucial for maintaining joint function and overall well-being.

see Spinal osteoarthritis.