Murine Model of Intracerebral Hemorrhage

A murine model of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) refers to experimental ICH induction in mice or rats, enabling study of the disease's pathophysiology and treatment options in a controlled environment.

• Collagenase-induced model
  • *Mechanism:* Injection of bacterial collagenase into the striatum or cortex, degrading vascular matrix.
  • *Advantages:* Simulates vessel rupture; progressive bleeding.
  • *Disadvantages:* Strong inflammatory response; variable hematoma.

• Autologous blood injection model
  • *Mechanism:* Injection of the animal’s own blood directly into the brain.
  • *Advantages:* Controlled hematoma size; reproducible.
  • *Disadvantages:* Does not replicate active bleeding or vessel rupture.

• Balloon inflation model
  • *Mechanism:* Mechanical mass effect via balloon or gel.
  • *Advantages:* Mimics mass effect.
  • *Disadvantages:* Lacks actual bleeding; limited biological relevance.

• Genetically modified models
  • *Mechanism:* Knockout/transgenic animals targeting vascular or coagulation pathways.
  • *Advantages:* Useful for studying gene-specific effects.
  • *Disadvantages:* Time-consuming; expensive; variable phenotypes.

• Neurological deficits (e.g. rotarod, cylinder test)
• Hematoma volume (MRI, histology)
• Neuronal death (TUNEL, caspase activation)
• Inflammation (e.g. IL-6, TNF-α, microglia markers)
• Autophagy/apoptosis markers (LC3, Beclin-1, cleaved caspase-3)
• Signaling pathways (e.g. AMPK/mTOR, NF-κB)

Murine models effectively reproduce:

• Early events: edema, inflammation, oxidative stress.
• Limitations: chronic evolution, large hematomas, comorbidities (e.g. hypertension, aging).