Intracranial infection
An intracranial infection is an infection that occurs within the brain or the surrounding tissues, such as the meninges, which are the protective membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord. Intracranial infections can be caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites, and can occur as a result of an injury, surgery, or a systemic infection that spreads to the brain.
Classification
Intracranial infection classification
The most common types of intracranial infections are meningitis, which is an inflammation of the meninges, and encephalitis, which is an inflammation of the brain tissue itself. Symptoms of intracranial infection may include fever, headache, neck stiffness, confusion, seizures, and other neurological symptoms.
Intracranial infections can be serious and potentially life-threatening, particularly if they are not diagnosed and treated promptly. Treatment typically involves the use of antimicrobial drugs, such as an antibiotic or antivirals, as well as supportive care to manage symptoms and prevent complications. In severe cases, surgery may be necessary to drain fluid or relieve pressure within the brain.
Diagnosis
The diagnosis of an intracranial infection usually involves a combination of medical history, physical examination, and laboratory tests. Here are some common diagnostic methods used for intracranial infections:
Blood tests: Blood tests may be done to check for signs of infection, such as elevated levels of white blood cells or antibodies to specific pathogens.
The diagnosis of an intracranial infection can be challenging and may require a team of specialists, including infectious disease doctors, neurologists, and radiologists. Early diagnosis and prompt treatment are crucial for preventing complications and reducing the risk of long-term neurological damage.
Magnetic resonance imaging
Brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a type of imaging test that can be useful in the diagnosis of intracranial infections. MRI uses a strong magnetic field and radio waves to produce detailed images of the brain and surrounding tissues, allowing doctors to detect abnormalities such as swelling, inflammation, and abscesses.
Intracranial infections can cause a range of changes in brain tissue that can be detected by MRI, including:
Increased signal intensity on T2-weighted images: This can indicate areas of inflammation or edema (swelling due to fluid buildup).
Enhancement after contrast administration: Contrast agents can be injected into the bloodstream to highlight areas of abnormal tissue, such as abscesses or lesions.
Restricted diffusion on diffusion-weighted imaging: This can indicate areas of restricted blood flow or tissue damage, which can be caused by infection.
Mass effect: This refers to the displacement of brain tissue due to swelling or abscess formation, which can be seen as a shift in the position of brain structures on MRI images.
MRI can be particularly useful in the diagnosis of brain abscesses, which are a common complication of intracranial infections. Brain abscesses appear as well-defined, ring-enhancing lesions on MRI, and can be differentiated from other types of brain lesions, such as tumors or cysts, based on their appearance and location.
Overall, MRI is a valuable tool in the diagnosis of intracranial infections, and can help guide treatment decisions and monitor disease progression.
When a Brain magnetic resonance imaging shows irregular or annular enhancement, clinicians should not blindly diagnose common diseases such as brain tumors. Although Balamuthia granulomatous accounts for only a tiny proportion of intracranial infections, it should be considered in the differential diagnosis of intracranial lesions 1).