Hyaline membrane disease, also known as respiratory distress syndrome, is a common breathing disorder that affects premature babies. It occurs due to the insufficient production of surfactant, a substance that helps the lungs to stay inflated and prevents them from collapsing after each breath. As a result, premature infants with hyaline membrane disease often have difficulty breathing, require oxygen support, and are at risk for lung damage and other complications. Treatment may include oxygen therapy, mechanical ventilation, and the administration of artificial surfactant.