Electroacupuncture

see Electroacupuncture for Neuropathic Pain.

see Electroacupuncture for subarachnoid hemorrhage.

Electroacupuncture (EA) is a form of acupuncture where a small electric current is passed between pairs of acupuncture needles. According to some acupuncturists, this practice augments the use of regular acupuncture, can restore health and well-being, and is particularly good for treating pain.

EA appears to reduce immunosuppression of both the humoral and cellular components during surgery.

Sidhu et al., presented a case of a 65-year-old man who presented with right-sided body weakness. He had a past medical history of uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and obstructive sleep apnea requiring use of a nasal continuous positive airway pressure device during sleep.

They performed a computed tomography brain scan, which revealed a left-sided acute on chronic subdural hematoma. Due to his multiple comorbidities, they decided to perform the surgical procedure under electroacupuncture anesthesia. The aim of this case report is to describe a craniotomy performed under electroacupuncture on an elderly patient with multiple comorbidities who was awake during the procedure and in whom this procedure, if it had been performed under general anesthesia, would have carried high risk ¹⁾.

Liang Low H. Comment on “Electroacupuncture-assisted craniotomy on an awake patient”. J Acupunct Meridian Stud. 2018 Aug 1. pii: S2005-2901(18)30051-7. doi: 10.1016/j.jams.2018.07.004. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 30076994.

2: Zhang M, Zhang Y, Bian Y, Fu H, Xu Y, Guo Y. Effect of long-term electroacupuncture stimulation on recovery of sensorimotor function after peripheral nerve anastomosis. Acupunct Med. 2018 Jun;36(3):170-175. doi: 10.1136/acupmed-2017-011367. Epub 2018 Feb 7. PubMed PMID: 29436383; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC6029640.

3: Heo I, Hwang MS, Hwang EH, Cho JH, Ha IH, Shin KM, Lee JH, Kim NK, Son DW, Shin BC. Electroacupuncture as a complement to usual care for patients with non-acute low back pain after back surgery: a pilot randomised controlled trial. BMJ Open. 2018 May 17;8(5):e018464. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2017-018464. PubMed PMID: 29773696; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC5961607.

4: Ishiyama S, Shibata Y, Ayuzawa S, Matsushita A, Matsumura A. Clinical Effect of C2 Peripheral Nerve Field Stimulation Using Electroacupuncture for Primary Headache. Neuromodulation. 2018 Mar 22. doi: 10.1111/ner.12772. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 29566284.

5: Shin BC, Cho JH, Ha IH, Heo I, Lee JH, Kim KW, Kim MR, Jung SY, Kwon O, Kim NK, Son HM, Son DW, Shin KM. A multi-center, randomized controlled clinical trial, cost-effectiveness and qualitative research of electroacupuncture with usual care for patients with non-acute pain after back surgery: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials. 2018 Jan 24;19(1):65. doi: 10.1186/s13063-018-2461-6. PubMed PMID: 29368636; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC5784658.

6: Zhang R, Andersen AH, Hardy PA, Forman E, Evans A, Ai Y, Yue J, Yue G, Gash DM, Grondin R, Zhang Z. Objectively measuring effects of electro-acupuncture in parkinsonian rhesus monkeys. Brain Res. 2018 Jan 1;1678:12-19. doi: 10.1016/j.brainres.2017.10.006. Epub 2017 Oct 7. PubMed PMID: 29017909; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC5714666.

7: Roynard P, Frank L, Xie H, Fowler M. Acupuncture for Small Animal Neurologic Disorders. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract. 2018 Jan;48(1):201-219. doi: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2017.08.003. Epub 2017 Oct 14. Review. PubMed PMID: 29037432.

8: Wang X, Ju S, Chen S, Gao W, Ding J, Wang G, Cao H, Tian H, Li X. Effect of Electro-Acupuncture on Neuroplasticity of Spinal Cord-Transected Rats. Med Sci Monit. 2017 Sep 2;23:4241-4251. PubMed PMID: 28865235; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC5592974.

9: Gao RQ, Tang CL, Huang SQ, Cao J, Guo QH, Zhang Y, Tian Y, Yuan HZ, Zhao DD, Luo A, Zhang AN. [Effects of Electroacupuncture on Apoptosis-related Protein Expression of Gastrocnemius Muscle Cells in Rats with Denervated Sciatic Nerve]. Zhen Ci Yan Jiu. 2017 Aug 25;42(4):302-7. Chinese. PubMed PMID: 29072010.

10: Ghaemi M, Ansari M, Amini K. Comparative Induction of Controlled Hypotension by Electroacupuncture at DU20 Acupoint and Remifentanil in Lumbar Laminectomy. Chin J Physiol. 2017 Jun 30;60(3):151-157. doi: 10.4077/CJP.2017.BAF461. PubMed PMID: 28628969.

11: Cho SY, Yang SB, Shin HS, Lee SH, Koh JS, Kwon S, Jung WS, Moon SK, Park JM, Ko CN, Park SU. Anti-inflammatory and immune regulatory effects of acupuncture after craniotomy: study protocol for a parallel-group randomized controlled trial. Trials. 2017 Jan 10;18(1):10. doi: 10.1186/s13063-016-1712-7. PubMed PMID: 28069040; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC5223367.

12: Sidhu A, Murgahayah T, Narayanan V, Chandran H, Waran V. Electroacupuncture-Assisted Craniotomy on an Awake Patient. J Acupunct Meridian Stud. 2017 Jan;10(1):45-48. doi: 10.1016/j.jams.2016.06.005. Epub 2016 Sep 15. PubMed PMID: 28254101.

13: Ye Y, Yang Y, Chen C, Li Z, Jia Y, Su X, Wang C, He X. Electroacupuncture Improved Hippocampal Neurogenesis following Traumatic Brain Injury in Mice through Inhibition of TLR4 Signaling Pathway. Stem Cells Int. 2017;2017:5841814. doi: 10.1155/2017/5841814. Epub 2017 Aug 7. PubMed PMID: 28848607; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC5564094.

14: Zhang Y, Al-Aref R, Fu H, Yang Y, Feng Y, Zhao C, Dong J, Sun G. Neuronavigation-Assisted Aspiration and Electro-Acupuncture for Hypertensive Putaminal Hemorrhage: A Suitable Technique on Hemiplegia Rehabilitation. Turk Neurosurg. 2017;27(4):500-508. doi: 10.5137/1019-5149.JTN.16456-15.1. PubMed PMID: 27593801.

15: Tang WC, Hsu YC, Wang CC, Hu CY, Chio CC, Kuo JR. Early electroacupuncture treatment ameliorates neuroinflammation in rats with traumatic brain injury. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2016 Nov 16;16(1):470. PubMed PMID: 27852302; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC5112630.

16: Gruenbaum SE, Meng L, Bilotta F. Recent trends in the anesthetic management of craniotomy for supratentorial tumor resection. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol. 2016 Oct;29(5):552-7. doi: 10.1097/ACO.0000000000000365. Review. PubMed PMID: 27285727.

17: Wang Y, Lei J, Gupta M, Peng F, Lam S, Jha R, Raduenz E, Beitz AJ, Gupta K. Electroacupuncture in conscious free-moving mice reduces pain by ameliorating peripheral and central nociceptive mechanisms. Sci Rep. 2016 Sep 30;6:34493. doi: 10.1038/srep34493. PubMed PMID: 27687125; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC5043286.

18: Kim KH, Kim YR, Baik SK, Noh SH, Kim DH, Lee SW, Yang GY. Acupuncture for patients with lumbar spinal stenosis: a randomised pilot trial. Acupunct Med. 2016 Aug;34(4):267-74. doi: 10.1136/acupmed-2015-010962. Epub 2016 Mar 7. PubMed PMID: 26953235.

19: Lim HD, Kim MH, Lee CY, Namgung U. Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Acupuncture Stimulation via the Vagus Nerve. PLoS One. 2016 Mar 18;11(3):e0151882. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0151882. eCollection 2016. PubMed PMID: 26991319; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4798687.

20: Gu W, Jiang W, He J, Liu S, Wang Z. Blockade of the brachial plexus abolishes activation of specific brain regions by electroacupuncture at LI4: a functional MRI study. Acupunct Med. 2015 Dec;33(6):457-64. doi: 10.1136/acupmed-2015-010901. Epub 2015 Oct 13. PubMed PMID: 26464415; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4859836.

21: Tang J, Tang Q. [Treatment of postherpetic neuralgia on the right side of nose: a case report]. Lin Chung Er Bi Yan Hou Tou Jing Wai Ke Za Zhi. 2015 Nov;29(21):1916-7. Chinese. PubMed PMID: 26930921.

22: Park B, Lee T, Berger K, Park SM, Choi KE, Goodsell TM, Rosengart A. Efficacy of Nonpharmacological Antishivering Interventions: A Systematic Analysis. Crit Care Med. 2015 Aug;43(8):1757-66. doi: 10.1097/CCM.0000000000001014. Review. PubMed PMID: 26186477.

23: Geng X, Sun T, Li JH, Zhao N, Wang Y, Yu HL. Electroacupuncture in the repair of spinal cord injury: inhibiting the Notch signaling pathway and promoting neural stem cell proliferation. Neural Regen Res. 2015 Mar;10(3):394-403. doi: 10.4103/1673-5374.153687. PubMed PMID: 25878587; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4396101.

24: Cho SY, Lee DH, Shin HS, Lee SH, Koh JS, Jung WS, Moon SK, Park JM, Ko CN, Kim H, Park SU. The efficacy and safety of acupuncture for cerebral vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials. 2015 Feb 28;16:68. doi: 10.1186/s13063-015-0591-7. PubMed PMID: 25886483; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4352281.

25: Hu S, Zhao ZK, Liu R, Wang HB, Gu CY, Luo HM, Wang H, Du MH, Lv Y, Shi X. Electroacupuncture activates enteric glial cells and protects the gut barrier in hemorrhaged rats. World J Gastroenterol. 2015 Feb 7;21(5):1468-78. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v21.i5.1468. PubMed PMID: 25663766; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4316089.

26: Hwang MS, Heo KH, Cho HW, Shin BC, Lee HY, Heo I, Kim NK, Choi BK, Son DW, Hwang EH. Electroacupuncture as a complement to usual care for patients with non-acute pain after back surgery: a study protocol for a pilot randomised controlled trial. BMJ Open. 2015 Feb 4;5(2):e007031. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2014-007031. PubMed PMID: 25652804; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4322200.

27: Zhang K, Lv Z, Liu J, Zhu H, Li R. Restoration and protection of brachial plexus injury: hot topics in the last decade. Neural Regen Res. 2014 Sep 15;9(18):1723-8. doi: 10.4103/1673-5374.141809. PubMed PMID: 25374596; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4211195.

28: Quiroz-González S, Segura-Alegría B, Jiménez-Estrada I. Depressing effect of electroacupuncture on the spinal non-painful sensory input of the rat. Exp Brain Res. 2014 Sep;232(9):2721-9. doi: 10.1007/s00221-014-3965-2. Epub 2014 Apr 26. PubMed PMID: 24770863.

29: Zhang S, Tang H, Zhou J, Gu Y. Electroacupuncture attenuates neuropathic pain after brachial plexus injury. Neural Regen Res. 2014 Jul 15;9(14):1365-70. doi: 10.4103/1673-5374.137589. PubMed PMID: 25221593; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4160867.

30: Li X, Zhou K, Zhang E, Qi Z, Sun W, Xu L, Xu J, Cai Y, Wang R. Therapeutic effect of electroacupuncture, massage, and blocking therapy on external humeral epicondylitis. J Tradit Chin Med. 2014 Jun;34(3):261-6. PubMed PMID: 24992751.

31: An LX, Chen X, Ren XJ, Wu HF. Electro-acupuncture decreases postoperative pain and improves recovery in patients undergoing a supratentorial craniotomy. Am J Chin Med. 2014;42(5):1099-109. doi: 10.1142/S0192415X14500682. Epub 2014 Aug 29. PubMed PMID: 25169910.

32: Chuang CH, Hsu YC, Wang CC, Hu C, Kuo JR. Cerebral blood flow and apoptosis-associated factor with electroacupuncture in a traumatic brain injury rat model. Acupunct Med. 2013 Dec;31(4):395-403. doi: 10.1136/acupmed-2013-010406. Epub 2013 Sep 20. PubMed PMID: 24055977.

33: Chen N, Zhang H, Gao XD, Yan N, Ma Y, Yu CJ. Neuroprotective effects of vagus nerve stimulation on hippocampal neurons in intractable epilepsy. Med Hypotheses. 2013 Dec;81(6):1066-8. doi: 10.1016/j.mehy.2013.10.005. Epub 2013 Oct 16. PubMed PMID: 24176140.

34: Song J, Yin J, Sallam HS, Bai T, Chen Y, Chen JD. Electroacupuncture improves burn-induced impairment in gastric motility mediated via the vagal mechanism in rats. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2013 Oct;25(10):807-e635. doi: 10.1111/nmo.12183. Epub 2013 Jul 12. PubMed PMID: 23848593.

35: Du MH, Luo HM, Hu S, Lv Y, Lin ZL, Ma L. Electroacupuncture improves gut barrier dysfunction in prolonged hemorrhagic shock rats through vagus anti-inflammatory mechanism. World J Gastroenterol. 2013 Sep 28;19(36):5988-99. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v19.i36.5988. PubMed PMID: 24106399; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3785620.

36: Li G, Li S, An L, Wang B. Electroacupuncture alleviates intraoperative immunosuppression in patients undergoing supratentorial craniotomy. Acupunct Med. 2013 Mar;31(1):51-6. doi: 10.1136/acupmed-2012-010254. Epub 2013 Jan 11. PubMed PMID: 23315447.

37: Zhang CJ, Yang F, Li M. [Effect of electroacupuncture combined with cervical plexus block on stress responses in patients undergoing thyroid surgery]. Zhen Ci Yan Jiu. 2013 Feb;38(1):1-6. Chinese. PubMed PMID: 23650792.

38: Lansdown A, Rees DA. The sympathetic nervous system in polycystic ovary syndrome: a novel therapeutic target? Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2012 Dec;77(6):791-801. doi: 10.1111/cen.12003. Review. PubMed PMID: 22882204.

39: Li WJ, Li SM, Ding Y, He B, Keegan J, Dong H, Ruan JW, Zeng YS. Electro-acupuncture upregulates CGRP expression after rat spinal cord transection. Neurochem Int. 2012 Dec;61(8):1397-403. doi: 10.1016/j.neuint.2012.10.002. Epub 2012 Oct 13. PubMed PMID: 23068989.

40: Xu M, Zhou SJ, Jiang CC, Wu Y, Shi WL, Gu HH, Cai HD, Wang XQ. The effects of P6 electrical acustimulation on postoperative nausea and vomiting in patients after infratentorial craniotomy. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol. 2012 Oct;24(4):312-6. doi: 10.1097/ANA.0b013e31825eb5ef. PubMed PMID: 22732720.

41: Hoang NS, Sar C, Valmier J, Sieso V, Scamps F. Electro-acupuncture on functional peripheral nerve regeneration in mice: a behavioural study. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2012 Aug 31;12:141. doi: 10.1186/1472-6882-12-141. PubMed PMID: 22937957; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3479081.

42: Wu H, Hu M, Yuan D, Wu H, Wang Y, Wang J, Li T, Qian C, Yu H. Electroacupuncture promotes the proliferation of endogenous neural stem cells and oligodendrocytes in the injured spinal cord of adult rats. Neural Regen Res. 2012 May 25;7(15):1138-44. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5374.2012.15.003. PubMed PMID: 25722706; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4340030.

43: Yang C, An L, Han R, Kang X, Wang B. Effects of combining electroacupuncture with general anesthesia induced by sevoflurane in patients undergoing supratentorial craniotomy and improvements in their clinical recovery profile & blood enkephalin. Acupunct Electrother Res. 2012;37(2-3):125-38. PubMed PMID: 23156204.

44: Zhang Y, Ding W, Yang Y, Xu H, Xiong F, Liu C. Effects of transsylvian-transinsular approach to hypertensive putaminal hematoma operation and electroacupuncture on motor recovery. J Craniofac Surg. 2011 Sep;22(5):1626-30. doi: 10.1097/SCS.0b013e31822e5f07. PubMed PMID: 21959401.

45: An LX, Ji Y, Wang LL. [The application of electro-acupuncture combined with sevoflurane anesthesia in neurosurgery]. Zhongguo Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Za Zhi. 2011 Sep;31(9):1181-6. Chinese. PubMed PMID: 22013791.

46: Zhang X, Tan F, Duan CZ. [Effect of electro-needling at acupoints of the yangming meridian on the expression of PAC-1 and lower limb functions in acute cerebral infarction patients]. Zhongguo Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Za Zhi. 2011 Apr;31(4):483-6. Chinese. PubMed PMID: 21608218.

47: Li WJ, Pan SQ, Zeng YS, Su BG, Li SM, Ding Y, Li Y, Ruan JW. Identification of acupuncture-specific proteins in the process of electro-acupuncture after spinal cord injury. Neurosci Res. 2010 Aug;67(4):307-16. doi: 10.1016/j.neures.2010.04.012. Epub 2010 May 10. PubMed PMID: 20438770.

48: Wang XQ, Yu JL, Du ZY, Xu R, Jiang CC, Gao X. Electroacupoint stimulation for postoperative nausea and vomiting in patients undergoing supratentorial craniotomy. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol. 2010 Apr;22(2):128-31. doi: 10.1097/ANA.0b013e3181c9fbde. PubMed PMID: 20308818.

49: Park JH, Han JB, Kim SK, Park JH, Go DH, Sun B, Min BI. Spinal GABA receptors mediate the suppressive effect of electroacupuncture on cold allodynia in rats. Brain Res. 2010 Mar 31;1322:24-9. doi: 10.1016/j.brainres.2010.02.001. Epub 2010 Feb 6. PubMed PMID: 20138846.

50: Liu JP, Yang ZL, Wang MS, Shi R, Zhu BP. [Observation on therapeutic effect of electroacupuncture therapy for promoting consciousness of patients with coma]. Zhongguo Zhen Jiu. 2010 Mar;30(3):206-8. Chinese. PubMed PMID: 20496735.

51: Dai P, Wang ZJ, Sun WW, Pang JX, You C, Wang TH. Effects of electro-acupuncture on IGF-I expression in spared dorsal root ganglia and associated spinal dorsal horn in cats subjected to adjacent dorsal root ganglionectomies. Neurochem Res. 2009 Nov;34(11):1993-8. doi: 10.1007/s11064-009-9970-3. Epub 2009 May 22. PubMed PMID: 19462234.

52: Chen XY, Zhu Y, Huang XS. [Effect of strong stimulation of acupuncture at twelve Jing-well points as main for neurosurgery patients with disorder of consciousness]. Zhongguo Zhen Jiu. 2009 Aug;29(8):619-22. Chinese. PubMed PMID: 19947263.

53: Laim A, Jaggy A, Forterre F, Doherr MG, Aeschbacher G, Glardon O. Effects of adjunct electroacupuncture on severity of postoperative pain in dogs undergoing hemilaminectomy because of acute thoracolumbar intervertebral disk disease. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2009 May 1;234(9):1141-6. doi: 10.2460/javma.234.9.1141. PubMed PMID: 19405884.

54: Wang XY, Li XL, Hong SQ, Xi-Yang YB, Wang TH. Electroacupuncture induced spinal plasticity is linked to multiple gene expressions in dorsal root deafferented rats. J Mol Neurosci. 2009 Feb;37(2):97-110. doi: 10.1007/s12031-008-9095-1. Epub 2008 Jun 26. PubMed PMID: 18581269.

55: Liu F, Sun WW, Wang Y, Hu LQ, Dai P, Tian CF, Wang TH. Effects of electro-acupuncture on NT-4 expression in spinal dorsal root ganglion and associated segments of the spinal dorsal horn in cats subjected to adjacent dorsal root ganglionectomy. Neurosci Lett. 2009 Jan 30;450(2):158-62. doi: 10.1016/j.neulet.2008.09.066. Epub 2008 Sep 30. Retraction in: Neurosci Lett. 2012 Oct 18;528(1):91. PubMed PMID: 18838104.

56: Yamamoto H, Kawada T, Kamiya A, Kita T, Sugimachi M. Electroacupuncture changes the relationship between cardiac and renal sympathetic nerve activities in anesthetized cats. Auton Neurosci. 2008 Dec 15;144(1-2):43-9. doi: 10.1016/j.autneu.2008.09.002. Epub 2008 Nov 5. PubMed PMID: 18990613.

57: Guo ZL, Moazzami AR, Tjen-A-Looi S, Longhurst JC. Responses of opioid and serotonin containing medullary raphe neurons to electroacupuncture. Brain Res. 2008 Sep 10;1229:125-36. doi: 10.1016/j.brainres.2008.07.020. Epub 2008 Jul 12. PubMed PMID: 18656464; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2579924.

58: Yang QL, Liu WT, Xu R. [Contributions of professor Xue Chong-cheng in acupuncture and neuropsychiatry]. Zhongguo Zhen Jiu. 2008 Jul;28(7):535-9. Chinese. PubMed PMID: 18678170.

59: Sun WW, Zhao W, Wang TH. Effects of electro-acupuncture on PDGF expression in spared dorsal root ganglion and associated dorsal horn subjected to partial dorsal root ganglionectomy in cats. Neurochem Res. 2008 Mar;33(3):437-43. Epub 2007 Aug 23. PubMed PMID: 17712628.

60: Zhou HL, Zhang LS, Kang Y, Zhang W, Wang TH. Effects of electro-acupuncture on CNTF expression in spared dorsal root ganglion and the associated spinal lamina II and nucleus dorsalis following adjacent dorsal root ganglionectomies in cats. Neuropeptides. 2008 Feb;42(1):95-106. Epub 2007 Nov 19. PubMed PMID: 18023864.

61: Chen J, Qi JG, Zhang W, Zhou X, Meng QS, Zhang WM, Wang XY, Wang TH. Electro-acupuncture induced NGF, BDNF and NT-3 expression in spared L6 dorsal root ganglion in cats subjected to removal of adjacent ganglia. Neurosci Res. 2007 Dec;59(4):399-405. Epub 2007 Aug 15. PubMed PMID: 17875332.

62: Wang TH, Wang XY, Li XL, Chen HM, Wu LF. Effect of electroacupuncture on neurotrophin expression in cat spinal cord after partial dorsal rhizotomy. Neurochem Res. 2007 Aug;32(8):1415-22. Epub 2007 Apr 4. PubMed PMID: 17406982.

63: Kim HW, Kang SY, Yoon SY, Roh DH, Kwon YB, Han HJ, Lee HJ, Beitz AJ, Lee JH. Low-frequency electroacupuncture suppresses zymosan-induced peripheral inflammation via activation of sympathetic post-ganglionic neurons. Brain Res. 2007 May 7;1148:69-75. Epub 2007 Feb 24. PubMed PMID: 17367766.

64: Wang JJ, Ming Q, Liu XD, Huang YX, Chen LW, Qiu JY, Duan L, Cao R, Rao ZR. Electro-acupuncture of Foot YangMing regulates gastric activity possibly through mediation of the dorsal vagal complex. Am J Chin Med. 2007;35(3):455-64. PubMed PMID: 17597504.

65: Liu YY, Li YL, Cai MX. [Effect of electroacupuncture on bispectral index of electroencephalography in patients undergoing subtotal thyroidectomy]. Zhongguo Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Za Zhi. 2006 Dec;26(12):1070-3. Chinese. PubMed PMID: 17205816.

66: Chang XR, Yan J, Zhao YL, Li JS, Liu JH, He JF. Effect of electroacupuncture at Sibai on the gastric myoelectric activities of denervated rats. World J Gastroenterol. 2006 Sep 28;12(36):5897-901. PubMed PMID: 17007061; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4100676.

67: Liu F, Wang TH, Zhang Y, Hong SQ, Song XB. [Impact of acupuncture to IGF-I expression in spared dorsal root ganglion of cats]. Sichuan Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban. 2006 May;37(3):384-6. Chinese. PubMed PMID: 16761414.

68: Huang Q, Zhou X, Ding Y, Peng J, Zhao W, Zhang W. [Impact of acupuncture on NP-1 expression in spared dorsal root ganglion]. Sichuan Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban. 2006 May;37(3):381-3, 403. Chinese. PubMed PMID: 16761413.

69: Xie SF, Wang C, Liu HP, Qiu S. [Application of electro-acupuncture-anesthesia device in brachiplex nerve blocking]. Zhongguo Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Za Zhi. 2006 Mar;26(3):251-2. Chinese. PubMed PMID: 16613274.

70: Iwa M, Matsushima M, Nakade Y, Pappas TN, Fujimiya M, Takahashi T. Electroacupuncture at ST-36 accelerates colonic motility and transit in freely moving conscious rats. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2006 Feb;290(2):G285-92. Epub 2005 Oct 27. PubMed PMID: 16254048.

71: Wang TW, Wang TH, Zhou X, Zhang LS, Xu XY. [Effect of partial ganglionectomy and acupuncture on culturing spared DRG in vitro]. Sichuan Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban. 2005 Sep;36(5):630-3. Chinese. PubMed PMID: 16235523.

72: Long SL, Liu F, Wang TH, Wang TW, Ke Q, Yuan Y. [Influence of acupunction on NT-4 expression in spared root ganglion and spinal cord]. Sichuan Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban. 2005 Sep;36(5):625-9. Chinese. PubMed PMID: 16235522.

73: Wang J, Wang YQ, Yu J, Cao XD, Wu GC. Electroacupuncture suppresses surgical trauma stress-induced lymphocyte apoptosis in rats. Neurosci Lett. 2005 Jul 22-29;383(1-2):68-72. Epub 2005 Apr 22. PubMed PMID: 15936514.

74: Feizhou J, Gengchuang Z. Electro-acupuncture and block therapy combined with traction for treatment of cervical dysopia. J Tradit Chin Med. 2005 Jun;25(2):97-8. PubMed PMID: 16136934.

75: La JL, Jalali S, Shami SA. Morphological studies on crushed sciatic nerve of rabbits with electroacupuncture or diclofenac sodium treatment. Am J Chin Med. 2005;33(4):663-9. PubMed PMID: 16173539.

76: Zhang JM, Zhang H, Zhu XD, Lü S, Liu Z, Chen J, Peng S. [Clinical application of acupunctural anesthesia with new combination principle of acupoints in supratentorial craniocerebral operation of tumor in vital functional area or deep site of brain]. Zhongguo Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Za Zhi. 2004 Nov;24(11):969-72. Chinese. PubMed PMID: 15609590.

77: Ouyang H, Xing J, Chen J. Electroacupuncture restores impaired gastric accommodation in vagotomized dogs. Dig Dis Sci. 2004 Sep;49(9):1418-24. PubMed PMID: 15481313.

78: Humaidan P, Stener-Victorin E. Pain relief during oocyte retrieval with a new short duration electro-acupuncture technique–an alternative to conventional analgesic methods. Hum Reprod. 2004 Jun;19(6):1367-72. Epub 2004 Apr 22. PubMed PMID: 15105387.

79: Stener-Victorin E, Kobayashi R, Watanabe O, Lundeberg T, Kurosawa M. Effect of electro-acupuncture stimulation of different frequencies and intensities on ovarian blood flow in anaesthetized rats with steroid-induced polycystic ovaries. Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2004 Mar 26;2:16. PubMed PMID: 15046638; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC411056.

80: Liu JH, Yan J, Yi SX, Chang XR, Lin YP, Hu JM. Effects of electroacupuncture on gastric myoelectric activity and substance P in the dorsal vagal complex of rats. Neurosci Lett. 2004 Feb 12;356(2):99-102. PubMed PMID: 14746873.

81: Tsou MT, Huang CH, Chiu JH. Electroacupuncture on PC6 (Neiguan) attenuates ischemia/reperfusion injury in rat hearts. Am J Chin Med. 2004;32(6):951-65. PubMed PMID: 15673200.

82: Hahm ET, Lee JJ, Lee WK, Bae HS, Min BI, Cho YW. Electroacupuncture enhancement of natural killer cell activity suppressed by anterior hypothalamic lesions in rats. Neuroimmunomodulation. 2004;11(4):268-72. PubMed PMID: 15249734.

83: Inoue M, Hojo T, Yano T, Katsumi Y. The effects of electroacupuncture on peripheral nerve regeneration in rats. Acupunct Med. 2003 Jun;21(1-2):9-17. PubMed PMID: 12924841.

84: Ke Q, Wang T, Li L, Yu J, Guo Z. [c-jun expression in spared dorsal root ganglion following partial dorsal root rhizotomy and acupuncture]. Sichuan Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban. 2003 Apr;34(2):248-50. Chinese. PubMed PMID: 12947702.

85: Chen JD, Qian L, Ouyang H, Yin J. Gastric electrical stimulation with short pulses reduces vomiting but not dysrhythmias in dogs. Gastroenterology. 2003 Feb;124(2):401-9. PubMed PMID: 12557146.

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