Dystonia surgery

• Comparing Injection Methods of Botulinum Toxin A for Cervical Dystonia: A Systematic Review
• Deep brain stimulation for dystonia treatment in cerebral palsy: efficacy exploration
• Deep Brain Stimulation for VPS16-Related Dystonia: A Multicenter Study
• Comparison of Two Methods of Deep Brain Stimulation Lead Reconstruction and Their Prediction Capacities
• The relationship between occupation and specific forms of idiopathic adult-onset dystonia
• EMG versus US: a randomized clinical trial comparing the efficacy in guiding botulinum toxin treatment in cervical dystonia
• Efficacy and safety of multiple-target deep brain stimulation in non-parkinsonian movement disorders: a systematic review
• Minimal Detectable Change of Experienced and Novice Listeners' Ratings of Overall Severity of Voice Quality in Adductor Laryngeal Dystonia

Generalized dystonia is a therapeutic challenge because medications are unable to control dystonia adequately in most patients. These patients may be candidates for surgical therapy. The commonly used surgical procedures in these patients are pallidotomy and deep brain stimulation. Limited studies are available on the role of pallidotomy in children with acquired/heredodegenerative generalized dystonia.

Deep brain stimulation for dystonia

Intrathecal baclofen.

Spinal cord stimulation.

Surgery, such as the denervation of selected muscles, may also provide some relief; however, the destruction of nerves in the limbs or brain is not reversible and should be considered only in the most extreme cases.