Disc protrusion

• Clinical evaluation and finite element analysis of bone cement-augmented anterolateral screw fixation versus percutaneous bilateral pedicle screw fixation co-applied with oblique lumbar interbody fusion for single-level lumbar degenerative diseases with osteoporosis
• Percutaneous transforaminal endoscopic discectomy in patients with lumbar disc herniation: a meta-analysis
• Dynamic behavior of the nucleus pulposus within the intervertebral disc loading: a systematic review and meta-analysis exploring the concept of dynamic disc model
• Evidence from Mendelian randomization analysis combined with meta-analysis for the causal validation of the relationship between 35 blood and urine metabolites and lumbar disc herniation
• Early effectiveness of posterior 180-degree decompression via unilateral biportal endoscopy in treatment of lumbar spinal stenosis combined with MSU-1 lumbar disc herniation
• Radiological and Patient-Derived Predictors for Recurrent Lumbar Disc Herniation After Minimally Invasive Tubular Discectomy: A Single Center Analysis of 404 Patients
• Adolescent lumbar disc herniation: etiology, diagnosis, and treatment options
• Increased cervical disc degeneration in ischemic stroke: a 10-year retrospective data review

A intervertebral disc protrusion is a disease condition which can occur in some vertebrates, including humans, in which the outermost layers of the annulus fibrosus of the intervertebral discs of the spine are intact, but bulge when one or more of the discs are under pressure.

A disc protrusion may progress to a spinal disc herniation, a condition in which there is a tear in the anulus fibrosus.

Diffuse bulging of disk beyond endplates can be seen with disk degeneration, whereas herniation is defined as a localized or focal disk material displacement beyond the limits of the disk space. The disk material may be composed of ≥ 1 combinations of nucleus, annular tissue, cartilage, and fragmented apophyseal bone. Herniated disks may be further categorized into disc protrusion or disc extrusion on the basis of the morphology of the displaced material. A protrusion is used to describe disk material presenting outside the disk space when its edges outside the disk space are less than the distance between the edges of the base of the disk material extending outside the disk space. An extrusion is present when any one distance between the edges of the disk material beyond the disk space is greater than the distance between the edges of the base of the disk material beyond the disk space