Cytoskeleton

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• Perfluoroalkyl substance pollutants disrupt microglia function and trigger transcriptional and epigenomic changes
• Cytoplasmic connexin43-microtubule interactions promote glioblastoma stem-like cell maintenance and tumorigenicity
• Transcriptomic and epigenomic consequences of heterozygous loss-of-function mutations in AKAP11, a shared risk gene for bipolar disorder and schizophrenia
• Fucoxanthin Targets β1 Integrin to Disrupt Adhesion and Migration in Human Glioma Cells
• Plasma-to-tumour tissue integrated proteomics using nano-omics for biomarker discovery in glioblastoma
• Hyphal penetration is the major pathway of translocation of Candida albicans across the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier

The cytoskeleton is a network of fibers composed of proteins contained within a cell's cytoplasm. Although the name implies the cytoskeleton is stable, it is a dynamic structure, parts of which are constantly destroyed, renewed, or newly constructed.

Cytoskeletal protein.

The cytoskeleton is divided into three main types of filaments based on their size, protein composition, and function. A fourth group, septins, is emerging as a potential cytoskeletal element.

• Diameter: ~7 nm
• Main protein: Actin (G-actin polymerizes into F-actin)
• Polarity: Yes (plus and minus ends)
• Functions:
  • Maintains cell shape
  • Cell motility (lamellipodia, filopodia)
  • Cytokinesis (contractile ring)
  • Intracellular transport (with myosin)
  • Endocytosis and exocytosis
• Associated proteins: Arp2/3 complex, cofilin, profilin, myosin

• Diameter: ~10 nm
• Main proteins (tissue-specific):
  • Keratins (epithelial cells)
  • Vimentin (mesenchymal cells)
  • Desmin (muscle)
  • Neurofilaments (neurons)
  • Lamins (nuclear envelope)
• Polarity: No
• Functions:
  • Mechanical support and structural stability
  • Anchoring organelles
  • Nuclear integrity (nuclear lamina)

• Diameter: ~25 nm
• Main protein: Tubulin (α/β dimers)
• Polarity: Yes
• Functions:
  • Organelle and vesicle transport (kinesin, dynein)
  • Mitotic spindle formation (cell division)
  • Cilia and flagella structure
  • Cell polarity and spatial organization
• Dynamic instability: Rapid growth and shrinkage

• Diameter: ~10 nm (filament-like structures)
• Main proteins: GTP-binding septins
• Polarity: Yes (suggested)
• Functions:
  • Cytokinesis (septin ring)
  • Membrane dynamics
  • Cell polarity
  • Potential scaffolding role
• Status: Considered a “fourth cytoskeletal system” by some researchers