Table of Contents

🩸 Bleeding Complications

Gastrointestinal bleeding

Gastrointestinal bleeding.

📌 Definition

Bleeding complications refer to hemorrhagic events

🧩 Classification

Type Description Clinical Impact
Superficial bleeding Subgaleal hematoma, wound bleeding Often self-limited, may require drainage
Epidural hematoma Blood collection between dura and skull Can cause mass effect, requires urgent evacuation
Subdural hematoma Blood between dura and arachnoid May be acute or delayed, surgical or conservative management
Intracerebral hemorrhage Hemorrhage within brain parenchyma May be due to vessel injury, coagulation issue; often severe
Rebleeding at surgical site Reaccumulation of blood at resection cavity May need re-craniotomy or intensive care

📊 Risk Factors

❗ Bleeding Requiring Surgical Intervention

Defined as any postoperative hemorrhage that necessitates reoperation for evacuation or decompression.

Criteria may include:

- Neurological deterioration

  1. Midline shift or mass effect on imaging
  2. Persistent or increasing hematoma
  3. Raised intracranial pressure (ICP)

🔬 NSAIDs and Bleeding Risk

Recent evidence (e.g., Cardoso et al., *Neurosurgery* 2025):

📌 Monitoring