1995

1994-1996

Three neuromodulation therapies, all using implanted device and electrodes, have been approved to treat adults with drug-resistant focal epilepsy, namely, the vagus nerve stimulation for drug-resistant epilepsy. in 1995, deep brain stimulation of the anterior nucleus of the thalamus (ANT-DBS) in 2018 (2010 in Europe), and responsive neurostimulation (RNS) in 2014.

Since 1995 there is a remarkable advancement in endonasal approach by endoscope. Refinements in camera definition, neurosurgical instruments, neuronavigation, and surgical technique.

The Cognard classification of dural arteriovenous fistulas correlates venous drainage patterns with increasingly aggressive neurological clinical course. It was first described in 1995 1).

Probably the most widely used classification system for dural arteriovenous malformations.

Correlates venous drainage patterns with increasingly aggressive neurological clinical course.

A pedicle sparing transfacet approach (PSTA) was first described in 1995 2).

In 1995, the Brain Trauma Foundation developed the first TBI Guidelines with the assistance of a group of international experts in the field. The goal was to offer the latest research on which to build protocols that would improve the survival and outcomes of TBI patients. With the publication of the Guidelines for the Management of Severe Head Injury, the benchmark for evidence-based guidelines in Neurosurgery and other surgical specialties was set. These Guidelines were updated in 2000 under the title Management and Prognosis of Severe Traumatic Brain Injury with the addition of a new section entitled Early Indicators of Prognosis in Severe Traumatic Brain Injury. The American Association of Neurological Surgeons and the World Health Organization’s Committee on Neurotrauma have endorsed each document, joined by the Congress of Neurological Surgeons and AANS/CNS Joint Section on Neurotrauma and Critical Care.

In 1995, a multidisciplinary task force from the North American Spine Society (NASS) addressed the deficiencies in commonly used terms defining the conditions of the lumbar disc. It cited several documentations of the problem 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8)

The nomenclature and classification of Lumbar disc pathology consensus, published in 2001 by the collaborative efforts of the North American Spine Society (NASS), the American Society of Spine Radiology (ASSR), and the American Society of Neuroradiology (ASNR), has guided radiologists, clinicians, and interested public for more than a decade 9). , it was revised in 2014 10) 11).

1)
Cognard C, Gobin YP, Pierot L, Bailly AL, Houdart E, Casasco A, Chiras J, Merland JJ. Cerebral dural arteriovenous fistulas: clinical and angiographic correlation with a revised classification of venous drainage. Radiology. 1995 Mar;194(3):671-80. PubMed PMID: 7862961.
2)
Çelik SE, Samancı Y, Özkaya F, Peker O. Microsurgical Experience with Pedicle-Sparing Transfacet Approach for Thoracic Disk Herniation. J Neurol Surg A Cent Eur Neurosurg. 2019 Feb 1. doi: 10.1055/s-0038-1676302. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 30708391.
3)
Bonneville JF, Dietemann JL. L'imagerie dans les sciatiques. Rev Prat (Paris) 1992;42:554–66.
4)
Brant-Zawadzki MN, Jensen MC. Imaging corner: spinal nomenclature. Inter- and intra-observer variability in interpretation of lumbar disc abnormalities: a comparison of two nomenclatures. Spine 1995;20:388–90.
5)
Breton G. Is that a bulging disc, a small herniation, or a moderate protrusion? Can Assoc Radiol J 1991;42:318.
6)
Fardon DF, Herzog RJ, Mink JH. Nomenclature of lumbar disc disorders. In: Garfin SR, Vaccaro AR, eds. Orthopaedic Knowledge Update: Spine. Rosemont, IL: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons; 1997:A3–14.
7)
Milette PC. The proper terminology for reporting lumbar intervertebral disc disorders. Am J Neuroradiol 1997;18:1859–66.
8)
Fardon DF, White AH, Wiesel S. Diagnostic terms and conservative treatments favored for lumbar disorders by spine surgeons in North America. Presented at: the first annual meeting, North American Spine Society; 1986; Lake George, NY.
9)
Fardon DF, Milette PC. Nomenclature and classification of lumbar disc pathology: recommendations of the combined task forces of the North American Spine Society, the American Society of Spine Radiology and the American Society of Neuroradiology. Spine 2001;26:E93–113.
10)
Fardon DF, Williams AL, Dohring EJ, Murtagh FR, Gabriel Rothman SL, Sze GK. Lumbar disc nomenclature: version 2.0: recommendations of the combined task forces of the North American Spine Society, the American Society of Spine Radiology and the American Society of Neuroradiology. Spine J. 2014;14(11):2525–2545.
11)
Fardon DF, Williams AL, Dohring EJ, Murtagh FR, Gabriel Rothman SL, Sze GK. Lumbar disc nomenclature: version 2.0: recommendations of the combined task forces of the North American Spine Society, the American Society of Spine Radiology, and the American Society of Neuroradiology. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2014;39(24):E1448–E1465.