Immune response [Neurosurgery Wiki]

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====== Immune response ======

The [[immune]] response is how your body recognizes and defends itself against [[bacteria]], [[virus]]es, and substances that appear foreign and harmful.

The [[immunosuppressive microenvironment]] in [[glioblastoma]] (Glioblastoma) prevents an efficient antitumoral [[immune response]] and enables tumor formation and growth. 
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The ability to rapidly assess and monitor patient immune responses is critical for clinical diagnostics; vaccine design; and fundamental investigations into the presence or generation of protective immunity against [[infectious disease]]s. Recently; findings on the limits of antibody-based protection provided by [[B-cell]]s have highlighted the importance of engaging pathogen-specific [[T-cell]]s for long-lasting and broad protection against [[virus]]es and their emergent variants such as in [[SARS-CoV-2]]. However; low-cost and point-of-care tools for detecting engagement of T-cell immunity in patients are conspicuously lacking in ongoing efforts to assess and control population-wide disease risk. Currently available tools for human T-cell analysis are time and resource-intensive. Utilizing multichannel silicon nanowire field effect transistors (Si-NW-FET) compatible with complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS);  Nami et al. developed a device designed for rapid and label-free detection of human T-cell immune responses. We demonstrate the generalizability of this approach by measuring T-cell responses against melanoma antigen MART1; common and seasonal viruses CMV; EBV; flu; as well as emergent pandemic coronavirus; SARS-CoV-2. Further; this device provides a modular and translational platform for optimizing vaccine formulations and combinations; offering quick and quantitative readouts for acquisition and persistence of T-cell immunity against variant-driven pathogens such as Flu and pandemic SARS-CoV-2
((Nami M, Han P, Hanlon D, Tatsuno K, Wei B, Sobolev O, Pitruzzello M, Vassall A, Yosinski S, Edelson R, Reed M. Rapid Screen for Anti-viral T-cell Immunity with Nanowire Electrochemical Biosensors. Adv Mater. 2022 Feb 14:e2109661. doi: 10.1002/adma.202109661. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 35165959.)).