Dendritic cell vaccine [Neurosurgery Wiki]

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====== Dendritic cell vaccine ======

Dendritic cell-based [[vaccine]]s are an intensively studied active [[immunotherapy]] technology. 

Their effectiveness was studied most widely in the treatment of malignant glial tumors, the study went from experimental work to phase III clinical studies, preliminary results of which indicate some positive results of this immunotherapy method in adults. Currently, the emphasis is also being placed on the identification of clinical and immunological correlates of the patient's response to therapy and on the search for new [[antigen]]s for sensitization of dendritic cells Studies of dendritic cell vaccines also include a number of other neuro-oncological diseases
((Chekhonin IV, Kobyakov GL, Gurina OI. [Dendritic cell vaccines in neurological
oncology]. Zh Vopr Neirokhir Im N N Burdenko. 2020;84(1):76-85. doi:
10.17116/neiro20208401176. Russian. PubMed PMID: 32207746.
)).

The finding that [[dendritic cell]]s (DCs) orchestrate innate and adaptive [[immune response]]s has stimulated research on harnessing DCs for developing more effective [[vaccine]]s for DC therapy. The expression of [[cytomegalovirus]] (CMV) antigens in [[glioblastoma multiforme]] (GBM) presents a unique opportunity to target these viral proteins for tumor [[immunotherapy]].

A meta-analysis focused on the effectiveness of dendritic cell (DC) therapy and [[viral therapy]] (VT) in [[clinical trial]]s. Fourteen eligible studies have been evaluated and the results suggest the improvement of both OS (HR = 0.65) (p < 0.0001) and PFS (HR = 0.59) (p = 0.01) for patients receiving DC therapy. The data for VT showed a slight improvement in terms of OS (HR = 0.81), while PFS was similar to the control arms (HR = 1.06) (p = 0.41)
((Vatu BI, Artene SA, Staicu AG, Turcu-Stiolica A, Folcuti C, Dragoi A, Cioc C, 
Baloi SC, Tataranu LG, Silosi C, Dricu A. Assessment of efficacy of dendritic
cell therapy and viral therapy in high grade glioma clinical trials. A
meta-analytic review. J Immunoassay Immunochem. 2018 Nov 30:1-11. doi:
10.1080/15321819.2018.1551804. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 30497337.
)).

Human tumors express a number of protein [[antigen]]s that can be recognized by [[T cell]]s, thus providing potential targets for cancer [[immunotherapy]]. [[Dendritic cell]]s (DCs) are rare [[leukocyte]]s that are uniquely potent in their ability to present antigens to T cells, and this property has prompted their recent application to therapeutic cancer [[vaccine]]s. Isolated DCs loaded with tumor antigen ex vivo and administered as a cellular vaccine have been found to induce protective and therapeutic anti-tumor immunity in experimental animals. In pilot clinical trials of DC vaccination for patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and melanoma, induction of anti-tumor immune responses and tumor regressions have been observed. Additional trials of DC vaccination for a variety of human cancers are under way, and methods for targeting tumor antigens to DCs in vivo are also being explored. Exploitation of the antigen-presenting properties of DCs thus offers promise for the development of effective cancer immunotherapies
((Timmerman JM, Levy R. Dendritic cell vaccines for cancer immunotherapy. Annu
Rev Med. 1999;50:507-29. Review. PubMed PMID: 10073291.
)).