The term “two-dimensional” (2D) refers to a geometric or graphical representation that exists within two dimensions: length and width. In a two-dimensional space, objects can be measured along two axes, typically represented as the x-axis (horizontal) and the y-axis (vertical). This contrasts with three-dimensional (3D) space, which includes an additional dimension, depth.

In the context of various fields, “two-dimensional” can have different meanings:

Art and Design: In visual arts, a 2D drawing or image is typically flat and lacks the perception of depth. Examples include paintings, drawings, and photographs.

Computer Graphics: In computer graphics, 2D refers to images and graphics that are created and manipulated on a plane. This includes graphics for user interfaces, icons, and sprites in video games.

Mathematics: In mathematics, a coordinate system with two axes (x and y) is used to represent points in a 2D plane. The coordinates of a point are typically written as (x, y).

Physics: Two-dimensional models are often used for simplifying physical problems. For example, projectile motion can be analyzed in a 2D plane neglecting air resistance.

Materials Science: In the context of materials, 2D materials refer to substances that are one or two atoms thick. Graphene, a single layer of carbon atoms arranged in a hexagonal lattice, is an example of a 2D material.

Understanding two-dimensional concepts is fundamental in various disciplines and is a crucial building block for more complex ideas in fields like physics, computer science, and engineering.

Traditionally, surgeons relied on two-dimensional (2D) imaging for complex neuroanatomy analyses, requiring significant mental visualization. Fortunately, nowadays advanced technology enables the creation of detailed 3D models from patient scans, utilizing different software. Afterward, these models can be experienced through virtual reality (VR) systems, offering comprehensive preoperative rehearsal opportunities. Additionally, 3D models can be 3D printed for hands-on training, therefore enhancing surgical preparedness. This technological integration transforms the paradigm of neurosurgical planning, ensuring safer procedures ¹⁾.