A systematic search is a structured, transparent, and reproducible method for identifying all relevant literature on a specific research question. It is a fundamental step in systematic reviews and meta-analyses, designed to minimize selection bias and ensure comprehensive evidence retrieval.

• Based on a clearly defined research question (often using PICO: Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome)
• Uses multiple databases (e.g., PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane, Embase)
• Includes predefined search terms and Boolean operators (AND, OR, NOT)
• Applies inclusion and exclusion criteria consistently
• Documents the entire process (databases used, search strings, dates, filters applied)
• May include grey literature, conference abstracts, or clinical trial registries

A systematic search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Cochrane databases using terms related to “NSAIDs,” “craniotomy,” and “postoperative bleeding.” Studies comparing NSAIDs to non-NSAID analgesics in neurosurgery were selected based on predefined eligibility criteria.

• Maximize completeness of evidence retrieval
• Reduce bias in the selection of studies
• Ensure reproducibility and transparency of the review process

• A PRISMA flow diagram showing study selection
• A list of all included and excluded studies with justification
• Search strategy appendix (often required in publications)