Hypokalemia

Hypokalaemia is defined as a plasma potassium level less than 3.5mmol/L.

Symptoms: Heart arrhythmia


1: Yuen KCJ. Osilodrostat: A Review Of Recent Clinical Studies And Practical Recommendations Of Its Use In The Treatment of Cushing Disease. Endocr Pract. 2021 Aug 10:S1530-891X(21)01107-1. doi: 10.1016/j.eprac.2021.06.012. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 34389514.

2: Li W, Zeng L, Han D, Zhang S, Lei B, Zheng M, Deng Y, You L. Development of a preoperative index-based nomogram for the prediction of hypokalemia in patients with pituitary neuroendocrine tumor: a retrospective cohort study. PeerJ. 2021 Jul 19;9:e11650. doi: 10.7717/peerj.11650. PMID: 34322317; PMCID: PMC8297473.

3: Walia R, Dutta A, Gupta N, Bhansali A, Pivonello R, Ahuja CK, Dhandapani S, Dutta P, Bhadada SK, Simeoli C, Hajela A, Sachdeva N, Saikia UN. Etiology-, Sex-, and Tumor Size-Based Differences in Adrenocorticotropin-Dependent Cushing Syndrome. Endocr Pract. 2021 May;27(5):471-477. doi: 10.1016/j.eprac.2020.11.014. Epub 2020 Dec 15. PMID: 33853717.

4: Lee SM, Choi YJ, Lee K, Kim HK, Park JS, Lim YC, Kim JH, Moon SY. Pearls & Oy-sters: Cerebral Microbleeds Caused by Adrenocortical Adenoma-Related Primary Aldosteronism. Neurology. 2021 May 18;96(20):960-962. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000011934. Epub 2021 Apr 7. PMID: 33827956.

5: Castle-Kirszbaum M, Lai L, Maingard J, Asadi H, Danks RA, Goldschlager T, Chandra RV. Intravenous milrinone for treatment of delayed cerebral ischaemia following subarachnoid haemorrhage: a pooled systematic review. Neurosurg Rev. 2021 Mar 8. doi: 10.1007/s10143-021-01509-1. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 33682040.

6: Schernthaner-Reiter MH, Siess C, Micko A, Zauner C, Wolfsberger S, Scheuba C, Riss P, Knosp E, Kautzky-Willer A, Luger A, Vila G. Acute and Life-threatening Complications in Cushing Syndrome: Prevalence, Predictors, and Mortality. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2021 Apr 23;106(5):e2035-e2046. doi: 10.1210/clinem/dgab058. PMID: 33517433.

7: Kalaria TR, Chopra R, Ayuk J, Buch H. Retinal vein occlusion as the presenting feature of Cushing's syndrome. BMJ Case Rep. 2021 Jan 25;14(1):e238204. doi: 10.1136/bcr-2020-238204. PMID: 33495181; PMCID: PMC7839910.

8: Van Limbergen EJ, Hoeben A, Lieverse RIY, Houben R, Overhof C, Postma A, Zindler J, Verhelst F, Dubois LJ, De Ruysscher D, Troost EGC, Lambin P. Toxicity of L19-Interleukin 2 Combined with Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy: A Phase 1 Study. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2021 Apr 1;109(5):1421-1430. doi: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2020.11.053. Epub 2020 Dec 4. PMID: 33285270.

9: Bilics G, Héger J, Pozsgai É, Bajzik G, Nagy C, Somoskövi C, Varga C. Successful management of zinc phosphide poisoning-a Hungarian case. Int J Emerg Med. 2020 Sep 18;13(1):48. doi: 10.1186/s12245-020-00307-8. PMID: 32948124; PMCID: PMC7501600.

10: Wang M, Jonker B, Killen L, Bogum Y, McCormack A, Bishay RH. Fatal high- grade skull osteosarcoma 30 years following radiotherapy for Cushing's disease. Endocrinol Diabetes Metab Case Rep. 2020 Jul 5;2020:20-0062. doi: 10.1530/EDM-20-0062. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 32698127; PMCID: PMC7354738.

11: Balasa A, Tamas F, Hurghis C, Maier S, Motataianu A, Chinezu R. First-Onset Hypokalemic Periodic Paralysis Following Surgery for Myxopapillary Ependymoma. World Neurosurg. 2020 Sep;141:389-394. doi: 10.1016/j.wneu.2020.06.109. Epub 2020 Jun 22. PMID: 32585385.

12: Liu J, Li Q, Ren J, Liang X, Zhang Q, Han Y. Association of Sex with Serum Potassium, Sodium, and Calcium Disorders after Hypertensive Intracerebral Hemorrhage. World Neurosurg. 2020 Sep;141:e367-e373. doi: 10.1016/j.wneu.2020.05.137. Epub 2020 May 24. PMID: 32454193.

13: Yalin K, Liosis S, Palade E, Fink T, Schierholz S, Sawan N, Eitel C, Heeger CH, Sciacca V, Sano M, Vogler J, Tilz RR. Cardiac sympathetic denervation in patients with nonischemic cardiomyopathy and refractory ventricular arrhythmias: a single-center experience. Clin Res Cardiol. 2021 Jan;110(1):21-28. doi: 10.1007/s00392-020-01643-8. Epub 2020 Apr 23. PMID: 32328735.

14: Goldberg SB, Schalper KA, Gettinger SN, Mahajan A, Herbst RS, Chiang AC, Lilenbaum R, Wilson FH, Omay SB, Yu JB, Jilaveanu L, Tran T, Pavlik K, Rowen E, Gerrish H, Komlo A, Gupta R, Wyatt H, Ribeiro M, Kluger Y, Zhou G, Wei W, Chiang VL, Kluger HM. Pembrolizumab for management of patients with NSCLC and brain metastases: long-term results and biomarker analysis from a non-randomised, open-label, phase 2 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2020 May;21(5):655-663. doi: 10.1016/S1470-2045(20)30111-X. Epub 2020 Apr 3. PMID: 32251621; PMCID: PMC7380514.

15: Albani A, Berr CM, Beuschlein F, Treitl M, Hallfeldt K, Honegger J, Schnauder G, Reincke M. A pitfall of bilateral inferior petrosal sinus sampling in cyclic Cushing's syndrome. BMC Endocr Disord. 2019 Oct 22;19(1):105. doi: 10.1186/s12902-019-0433-9. PMID: 31640675; PMCID: PMC6805379.

16: Vasudevan RC, Madayi RV, Nambiar RR. Moyamoya syndrome in a male pseudohermaphrodite patient with congenital adrenal hyperplasia - a rare association. Case report and review of literature. Br J Neurosurg. 2019 Oct 7:1-3. doi: 10.1080/02688697.2019.1672859. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 31588818.

17: Chiloiro S, Giampietro A, Raffaelli M, D'Amato G, Bima C, Lauretti L, Anile C, Lombardi CP, Rindi G, Bellantone R, De Marinis L, Pontecorvi A, Bianchi A. Synchronous bilateral adrenalectomy in ACTH-dependent hypercortisolism: predictors, biomarkers and outcomes. Endocrine. 2019 Dec;66(3):642-649. doi: 10.1007/s12020-019-02091-9. Epub 2019 Oct 3. PMID: 31583577.

18: Fan L, Zhuang Y, Wang Y, Liu X, Liu D, Xiang B, He M, Zhang Z, Li Y, Wang Y, Zhu X, Ye H. Association of hypokalemia with cortisol and ACTH levels in Cushing's disease. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2020 Mar;1463(1):60-66. doi: 10.1111/nyas.14205. Epub 2019 Aug 28. PMID: 31456238.

19: Zhang F, Guo X, Xing B, Yang Y, Xu Z. Hepatic and renal functions and blood cell counts in brain tumor patients during the perioperative period. J Clin Neurosci. 2019 Nov;69:190-197. doi: 10.1016/j.jocn.2019.07.067. Epub 2019 Aug 10. PMID: 31409546.

20: Zhou J, Zhang M, Bai X, Cui S, Pang C, Lu L, Pang H, Guo X, Wang Y, Xing B. Demographic Characteristics, Etiology, and Comorbidities of Patients with Cushing's Syndrome: A 10-Year Retrospective Study at a Large General Hospital in China. Int J Endocrinol. 2019 Feb 19;2019:7159696. doi: 10.1155/2019/7159696. PMID: 30915114; PMCID: PMC6399544.

21: Pin-On P, Saringkarinkul A, Punjasawadwong Y, Kacha S, Wilairat D. Serum electrolyte imbalance and prognostic factors of postoperative death in adult traumatic brain injury patients: A prospective cohort study. Medicine (Baltimore). 2018 Nov;97(45):e13081. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000013081. PMID: 30407307; PMCID: PMC6250545.

22: Jafari M, Ala S, Haddadi K, Alipour A, Mojtahedzadeh M, Ehteshami S, Abediankenari S, Shafizad M, Salehifar E, Khalili F. Cotreatment with Furosemide and Hypertonic Saline Decreases Serum Neutrophil Gelatinase-associated Lipocalin (NGAL) and Serum Creatinine Concentrations in Traumatic Brain Injury: A Randomized, Single-Blind Clinical Trial. Iran J Pharm Res. 2018 Summer;17(3):1130-1140. PMID: 30127836; PMCID: PMC6094412.

23: Isler C, Kayhan A, Ugurlar D, Hanimoglu H, Ulu MO, Uzan M, Erdincler P, Ozlen F. An Exceptional Neurosurgical Presentation of a Patient with Osteopetrosis. World Neurosurg. 2018 Nov;119:25-29. doi: 10.1016/j.wneu.2018.06.081. Epub 2018 Jun 20. PMID: 29935324.

24: Hassan MH, Hassan WMNW, Zaini RHM, Shukeri WFWM, Abidin HZ, Eu CS. Balanced Fluid Versus Saline-Based Fluid in Post-operative Severe Traumatic Brain Injury Patients: Acid-Base and Electrolytes Assessment. Malays J Med Sci. 2017 Oct;24(5):83-93. doi: 10.21315/mjms2017.24.5.9. Epub 2017 Oct 26. PMID: 29386975; PMCID: PMC5772818.

25: Tsironis T, Tychalas A, Kiourtidis D, Kountouras J, Xiromerisiou G, Rudolf J, Deretzi G. Periodic Paralysis and Encephalopathy as Initial Manifestations of Graves' Disease: Case Report and Review of the Literature. Neurologist. 2017 Jul;22(4):134-137. doi: 10.1097/NRL.0000000000000125. PMID: 28644255.

26: You L, Li W, Chen T, Tang D, You J, Zhang X. A retrospective analysis of postoperative hypokalemia in pituitary neuroendocrine tumors after transsphenoidal surgery. PeerJ. 2017 May 23;5:e3337. doi: 10.7717/peerj.3337. PMID: 28560099; PMCID: PMC5444367.

27: Arneson K, Mondschein J, Stavas M, Cmelak AJ, Attia A, Horn L, Niermann K, Puzanov I, Chakravarthy AB, Xia F. A phase I trial of concurrent sorafenib and stereotactic radiosurgery for patients with brain metastases. J Neurooncol. 2017 Jun;133(2):435-442. doi: 10.1007/s11060-017-2455-3. Epub 2017 May 9. PMID: 28488066.

28: Jones GM, Bode L, Riha H, Erdman MJ. Safety of Continuous Peripheral Infusion of 3% Sodium Chloride Solution in Neurocritical Care Patients. Am J Crit Care. 2016 Dec;26(1):37-42. doi: 10.4037/ajcc2017439. PMID: 27965228.

29: Kwon HM, Baek JW, Lee SP, Cho JI. A Fatal Adverse Effect of Barbiturate Coma Therapy: Dyskalemia. Korean J Neurotrauma. 2016 Oct;12(2):156-158. doi: 10.13004/kjnt.2016.12.2.156. Epub 2016 Oct 31. PMID: 27857927; PMCID: PMC5110908.

30: Rim HT, Ahn JH, Kim JH, Oh JK, Song JH, Chang IB. Therapeutic Hypothermia for Increased Intracranial Pressure after Decompressive Craniectomy: A Single Center Experience. Korean J Neurotrauma. 2016 Oct;12(2):55-60. doi: 10.13004/kjnt.2016.12.2.55. Epub 2016 Oct 31. PMID: 27857908; PMCID: PMC5110919.

31: Liu H, Zhang M, Wang X, Qu Y, Zhang H, Yu C. Primary intracranial neuroendocrine tumor with ectopic adrenocorticotropic hormone syndrome: A rare and complicated case report and literature review. Mol Clin Oncol. 2016 Jul;5(1):99-102. doi: 10.3892/mco.2016.904. Epub 2016 May 11. PMID: 27330775; PMCID: PMC4906931.

32: Liu H, Wang H, Qi X, Yu C. Primary intracranial neuroendocrine tumor: two case reports. World J Surg Oncol. 2016 Apr 30;14:138. doi: 10.1186/s12957-016-0887-4. PMID: 27138163; PMCID: PMC4852410.

33: Alimohamadi M, Saghafinia M, Alikhani F, Danial Z, Shirani M, Amirjamshidi A. Impact of electrolyte imbalances on the outcome of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: A prospective study. Asian J Neurosurg. 2016 Jan-Mar;11(1):29-33. doi: 10.4103/1793-5482.154978. PMID: 26889275; PMCID: PMC4732238.

34: Zhang BY, Zhao M, Li B, Zhang JM. Diverse proportion in composite pheochromocytoma-ganglioneuroma may induce varied clinical symptom: comparison of two cases. Int J Clin Exp Pathol. 2015 Nov 1;8(11):15369-74. PMID: 26823896; PMCID: PMC4713682.

35: Banerjee RR, Marina N, Katznelson L, Feldman BJ. Mifepristone Treatment of Cushing's Syndrome in a Pediatric Patient. Pediatrics. 2015 Nov;136(5):e1377-81. doi: 10.1542/peds.2015-0684. Epub 2015 Oct 12. PMID: 26459648.

36: Liu X, Zhu X, Zeng M, Zhuang Y, Zhou Y, Zhang Z, Yang Y, Wang Y, Ye H, Li Y. Gender-Specific Differences in Clinical Profile and Biochemical Parameters in Patients with Cushing's Disease: A Single Center Experience. Int J Endocrinol. 2015;2015:949620. doi: 10.1155/2015/949620. Epub 2015 May 6. PMID: 26064114; PMCID: PMC4438174.

37: Gosal JS, Gurmey T, Kursa GK, Salunke P, Gupta SK. Is acetazolamide really useful in the management of traumatic cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea? Neurol India. 2015 Mar-Apr;63(2):197-201. doi: 10.4103/0028-3886.156280. PMID: 25947983.

38: Cannavo S, Messina E, Albani A, Ferrau F, Barresi V, Priola S, Esposito F, Angileri F. Clinical management of critically ill patients with Cushing's disease due to ACTH-secreting pituitary macroadenomas: effectiveness of presurgical treatment with pasireotide. Endocrine. 2016 Jun;52(3):481-7. doi: 10.1007/s12020-015-0601-2. Epub 2015 Apr 16. PMID: 25877016.

39: Kim TK, Lim YJ, Ju JW, Kim JW, Park HP. The effects of propofol and thiopental continuous infusion on serum potassium disturbances in neurosurgical patients. J Korean Neurosurg Soc. 2015 Mar;57(3):197-203. doi: 10.3340/jkns.2015.57.3.197. Epub 2015 Mar 20. PMID: 25810860; PMCID: PMC4373049.

40: Osorio N, López Y, Jaramillo JC. Histoplasmosis del sistema nervioso central en un paciente inmunocompetente [Histoplasmosis of the central nervous system in an immunocompetent patient]. Biomedica. 2014 Oct-Dec;34(4):506-13. Spanish. doi: 10.1590/S0120-41572014000400002. PMID: 25504238.

41: Chen Y, Mei X, Jian F, Ma Q, Chen X, Bian L, Sun Q. Gender and magnetic resonance imaging classification-related differences in clinical and biochemical characteristics of Cushing's disease: a single-centre study. Chin Med J (Engl). 2014;127(22):3948-56. PMID: 25421196.

42: Wu X, Lu X, Lu X, Yu J, Sun Y, Du Z, Wu X, Mao Y, Zhou L, Wu S, Hu J. Prevalence of severe hypokalaemia in patients with traumatic brain injury. Injury. 2015 Jan;46(1):35-41. doi: 10.1016/j.injury.2014.08.002. Epub 2014 Aug 10. PMID: 25195182.

43: Niwattisaiwong S, Suh JH, Weil RJ, Hamrahian AH. Significant hypercortisolism during fractionated radiotherapy in a patient with a large corticotroph adenoma: a case report and literature review. Endocr Pract. 2014 Sep;20(9):e166-70. doi: 10.4158/EP14064.CR. PMID: 24936553.

44: Nguyen FN, Kar JK, Verduzco-Gutierrez M, Zakaria A. A case of hypokalemic paralysis in a patient with neurogenic diabetes insipidus. Neurohospitalist. 2014 Apr;4(2):90-3. doi: 10.1177/1941874413495702. PMID: 24707338; PMCID: PMC3975788.

45: Baek TH, Yang SH, Sung JH, Lee SW. Central Pontine and Extrapontine Myelinolysis in a Patient with Traumatic Brain Injury Following Not Rapid Correction of Hyponatremia: A Case Report. Korean J Neurotrauma. 2014 Apr;10(1):31-4. doi: 10.13004/kjnt.2014.10.1.31. Epub 2014 Apr 30. PMID: 27169030; PMCID: PMC4852590.

46: Ybanez N, Agrawal V, Tranmer BI, Gennari FJ. Severe hypokalemia in a patient with subarachnoid hemorrhage. Am J Kidney Dis. 2014 Mar;63(3):530-5. doi: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2013.07.005. Epub 2013 Aug 20. PMID: 23972266.

47: Chui C, Chen WH, Yin HL. Periodic drop thumb, hypokalemia and adrenal adenoma. Med Princ Pract. 2014;23(1):80-2. doi: 10.1159/000351573. Epub 2013 Jul 26. PMID: 23899956; PMCID: PMC5586823.

48: Corradetti V, Esposito P, Rampino T, Gregorini M, Libetta C, Bosio F, Valsania T, Pattonieri EF, Rocca C, Bianzina S, Dal Canton A. Multiple electrolyte disorders in a neurosurgical patient: solving the rebus. BMC Nephrol. 2013 Jul 10;14:140. doi: 10.1186/1471-2369-14-140. PMID: 23837469; PMCID: PMC3710482.

49: Capparelli FJ, Abello M, Patricio Maskin L, Arista E, Hlavnicka A, Diaz MF, Varela D, Wainsztein NA. QTc prolongation after brain surgery. Neurol Res. 2013 Mar;35(2):159-62. doi: 10.1179/1743132813Y.0000000169. PMID: 23452578.

50: Serra F, Duarte S, Abreu S, Marques C, Cassis J, Saraiva M. Cushing's syndrome due to ectopic ACTH production by a nasal paraganglioma. Endocrinol Diabetes Metab Case Rep. 2013;2013:130038. doi: 10.1530/EDM-13-0038. Epub 2013 Sep 16. PMID: 24616770; PMCID: PMC3922001.

51: Bebawy JF, Ramaiah VK, Zeeni C, Hemmer LB, Koht A, Gupta DK. The effect of furosemide on intravascular volume status and electrolytes in patients receiving mannitol: an intraoperative safety analysis. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol. 2013 Jan;25(1):51-4. doi: 10.1097/ANA.0b013e318269c335. PMID: 23237936.

52: Cronin D, Kaliaperumal C, Kumar R, Kaar G. Dyskalaemia following diffuse axonal injury: case report and review of the literature. BMJ Case Rep. 2012 Oct 10;2012:bcr0120125654. doi: 10.1136/bcr-01-2012-5654. PMID: 23060370; PMCID: PMC4542994.

53: Barna M, Wilson K, Chiaruttini R, Muchowski K. Diagnostic puzzler: hypertension in teen. J Fam Pract. 2012 Sep;61(9):536-9. PMID: 23000661.

54: Ono M, Miki N, Amano K, Hayashi M, Kawamata T, Seki T, Takano K, Katagiri S, Yamamoto M, Nishikawa T, Kubo O, Sano T, Hori T, Okada Y. A case of corticotroph carcinoma that caused multiple cranial nerve palsies, destructive petrosal bone invasion, and liver metastases. Endocr Pathol. 2011 Mar;22(1):10-7. doi: 10.1007/s12022-010-9144-5. PMID: 21234708; PMCID: PMC3052505.

55: Abrishamkar S, Shafiei M, Shafiei M. Spironolactone in preventing hypokalemia following traumatic brain injury. Chin J Traumatol. 2010 Dec;13(6):336-40. PMID: 21126390.

56: An HS, Cho BM, Kang JH, Kim MK, Oh SM, Park SH. Efficacy of low dose barbiturate coma therapy for the patients with intractable intracranial hypertension using the bispectral index monitoring. J Korean Neurosurg Soc. 2010 Apr;47(4):252-7. doi: 10.3340/jkns.2010.47.4.252. Epub 2010 Apr 30. PMID: 20461164; PMCID: PMC2864816.

57: Sawada K, Maehara T, Inaji M, Toriyama H, Okada T, Nariai T, Aoyagi M, Doi M, Ohno K. [Case of ruptured multiple cerebral aneurysms associated with primary aldosteronism]. No Shinkei Geka. 2010 Apr;38(4):347-51. Japanese. PMID: 20387576.

58: Tzvetanov PG. Hypokalemia-associated catastrophic rhabdomyolysis in ulcerative colitis. Saudi Med J. 2009 Sep;30(9):1225-7. PMID: 19750272.

59: Jiang JY. Clinical study of mild hypothermia treatment for severe traumatic brain injury. J Neurotrauma. 2009 Mar;26(3):399-406. doi: 10.1089/neu.2008.0525. PMID: 19260782.

60: Jaiswal AK, Jaiswal S, Sahu RN, Das KB, Jain VK, Behari S. Choroid plexus papilloma in children: Diagnostic and surgical considerations. J Pediatr Neurosci. 2009 Jan;4(1):10-6. doi: 10.4103/1817-1745.49100. PMID: 21887168; PMCID: PMC3162829.

61: Wong GK, Poon WS, Chan MT, Boet R, Gin T, Lam CW. The effect of intravenous magnesium sulfate infusion on serum levels of sodium and potassium in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Magnes Res. 2007 Mar;20(1):37-42. PMID: 17536487.

62: Ok SH, Chung YW, Sohn JT, Jung JM, Chung YK. Severe hypokalemia occurring during barbiturate coma therapy in a patient with severe acute head injury. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2005 Jul;49(6):883-4. doi: 10.1111/j.1399-6576.2005.00728.x. PMID: 15954980.

63: Chiang CE. Congenital and acquired long QT syndrome. Current concepts and management. Cardiol Rev. 2004 Jul-Aug;12(4):222-34. doi: 10.1097/01.crd.0000123842.42287.cf. PMID: 15191637.

64: van den Bergh WM, Algra A, Rinkel GJ. Electrocardiographic abnormalities and serum magnesium in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke. 2004 Mar;35(3):644-8. doi: 10.1161/01.STR.0000117092.38460.4F. Epub 2004 Feb 12. PMID: 14963284.

65: Fukui S, Katoh H, Tsuzuki N, Ishihara S, Otani N, Ooigawa H, Toyooka T, Ohnuki A, Miyazawa T, Nawashiro H, Shima K. Multivariate analysis of risk factors for QT prolongation following subarachnoid hemorrhage. Crit Care. 2003 Jun;7(3):R7-R12. doi: 10.1186/cc2160. Epub 2003 Feb 21. PMID: 12793884; PMCID: PMC270671.

66: Fukui S, Otani N, Katoh H, Tsuzuki N, Ishihara S, Ohnuki A, Miyazawa T, Nawashiro H, Shima K. Female gender as a risk factor for hypokalemia and QT prolongation after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurology. 2002 Jul 9;59(1):134-6. doi: 10.1212/wnl.59.1.134. PMID: 12105324.

67: Nakagawa A, Su CC, Saito K, Yamashita Y, Shirane R, Yoshimoto T. [Primary aldosteronism presented with intracranial hemorrhage]. No Shinkei Geka. 2001 Oct;29(10):973-7. Japanese. PMID: 11681014.

68: Gupta D, Sharma BS, Gupta SK, Bapuraj R, Khosla VK. Postoperative hypertensive-hypervolaemic-haemodilution (Triple H) therapy in the treatment of vasospasm following aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage. Neurol India. 2000 Jun;48(2):126-31. PMID: 10878775.

69: Hahn RG, Löfgren A. Epinephrine, potassium and the electrocardiogram during regional anaesthesia. Eur J Anaesthesiol. 2000 Feb;17(2):132-7. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2346.2000.00625.x. PMID: 10758458.

70: Wong MF, Chin NM, Lew TW. Diabetes insipidus in neurosurgical patients. Ann Acad Med Singap. 1998 May;27(3):340-3. PMID: 9777076.

71: Ip-Yam PC, Wood PJ, Seng C. Audit of changes in serum urea and electrolytes following peri-operative intravenous fluid therapy. Singapore Med J. 1998 Jan;39(1):20-4. PMID: 9557099.

72: Chen CM, Chen JC, Kao MC. Severe rhabdomyolysis with good recovery in a patient with head injury: case report. Neurosurgery. 1997 Jul;41(1):293-6. doi: 10.1097/00006123-199707000-00052. PMID: 9218322.

73: Wang Z, Baird N, Shumaker H, Soleimani M. Potassium depletion and acid-base transporters in rat kidney: differential effect of hypophysectomy. Am J Physiol. 1997 Jun;272(6 Pt 2):F736-43. doi: 10.1152/ajprenal.1997.272.6.F736. PMID: 9227634.

74: Klarr SA, Ulanski LJ 2nd, Stummer W, Xiang J, Betz AL, Keep RF. The effects of hypo- and hyperkalemia on choroid plexus potassium transport. Brain Res. 1997 May 30;758(1-2):39-44. doi: 10.1016/s0006-8993(96)01440-0. PMID: 9203531.

75: Kanemoto Y, Kamada K, Sasaoka Y, Nishimura A, Sakitani H. [The mechanism of cardiorespiratory arrest due to subarachnoid hemorrhage]. No Shinkei Geka. 1995 Jul;23(7):575-9. Japanese. PMID: 7637838.

76: Löfgren A, Hahn RG. Hypokalemia from intercostal nerve block. Reg Anesth. 1994 Jul-Aug;19(4):247-54. PMID: 7947425.

77: Oda S, Shimoda M, Yamada S, Sato O, Tsugane R. [Problems in general management during barbiturate therapy]. No Shinkei Geka. 1992 Dec;20(12):1241-6. Japanese. PMID: 1484590.

78: Löfgren A, Hahn RG. Serum potassium, catecholamine levels and ECG during field block for inguinal hernia surgery. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 1992 Aug;36(6):577-82. doi: 10.1111/j.1399-6576.1992.tb03522.x. PMID: 1514346.

79: Clifton GL, Allen S, Berry J, Koch SM. Systemic hypothermia in treatment of brain injury. J Neurotrauma. 1992 May;9 Suppl 2:S487-95. PMID: 1613808.

80: Schalén W, Messeter K, Nordström CH. Complications and side effects during thiopentone therapy in patients with severe head injuries. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 1992 May;36(4):369-77. doi: 10.1111/j.1399-6576.1992.tb03483.x. PMID: 1595344.

81: Popovic V, Micic D, Nesovic M, Howlett T, Doniach I, Kendereski A, Djordjevic P, Manojlovic D, Micic J, Besser M. Cushing's disease cycling over ten years. Exp Clin Endocrinol. 1990 Nov;96(2):143-8. doi: 10.1055/s-0029-1211003. PMID: 1965804.

82: Abayasekara DR, Vazir H, Whitehouse BJ, Price GM, Hinson JP, Vinson GP. Studies on the mechanisms of ACTH-induced inhibition of aldosterone biosynthesis in the rat adrenal cortex. J Endocrinol. 1989 Sep;122(3):625-32. doi: 10.1677/joe.0.1220625. PMID: 2553838.

83: Nagaoka R, Yamashita S, Akaike N. Change of intracellular K+ activity in rat soleus muscle during hypokalemia. Brain Res Bull. 1989 Jun;22(6):1009-13. doi: 10.1016/0361-9230(89)90013-0. PMID: 2790493.

84: Lunn JJ, Narr BJ. Prevention of hypokalemia during axillary nerve block. Anesthesiology. 1989 Feb;70(2):365-6. doi: 10.1097/00000542-198902000-00034. PMID: 2913874.

85: Pomeranz S, Constantini S, Rappaport ZH. Hypokalaemia in severe head trauma. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 1989;97(1-2):62-6. doi: 10.1007/BF01577741. PMID: 2718795.

86: Toyoda Y, Kubota Y, Kubota H, Murakawa M, Ishida H, Asada A, Fujimori M. Prevention of hypokalemia during axillary nerve block with 1% lidocaine and epinephrine 1:100,000. Anesthesiology. 1988 Jul;69(1):109-12. doi: 10.1097/00000542-198807000-00019. PMID: 3389545.

87: Bertrix L, Bouzouita K, Lang J, Lakhal M, Chah QT, Faucon G. Potentiation by hypokalemia of the effects of acetylcholine on the canine heart in situ. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. 1984 Jun;326(2):169-74. doi: 10.1007/BF00517315. PMID: 6472494.

88: Schimek F, Fink BR. Differential effects of glucose and potassium lack in conduction block of myelinated and unmyelinated axons. Acta Anaesthesiol Belg. 1984;35 Suppl:447-51. PMID: 6516753.

89: Akaike N, Hirata A, Kiyohara T, Oyama Y. Neural regulation on the active sodium-potassium transport in hypokalaemic rat skeletal muscles. J Physiol. 1983 Aug;341:245-55. doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.1983.sp014804. PMID: 6137559; PMCID: PMC1195333.

90: Clausen T. Adrenergic control of Na+-K+-homoeostasis. Acta Med Scand Suppl. 1983;672:111-5. doi: 10.1111/j.0954-6820.1983.tb01622.x. PMID: 6138927.

91: Akaike N. CNS control of active sodium transport in muscle during progressive hypokalemia in the rat. Brain Res. 1982 May 13;239(2):575-81. doi: 10.1016/0006-8993(82)90531-5. PMID: 6284307.

92: Akaike N. Sodium pump in skeletal muscle: central nervous system-induced suppression by alpha-adrenoreceptors. Science. 1981 Sep 11;213(4513):1252-4. doi: 10.1126/science.6267696. PMID: 6267696.

93: Nazarov IP. Preduprezhdenie narusheniĭ kislotno-shchelochnogo sostoianiia krovi u bul'nykh posle operatsii na zheludke metodom prodlennoĭ ganglionarnoĭ blokady pentaminom [Prevention of disorders of the blood acid-base equilibrium after operations on the stomach by prolonged pentamine ganglionic block]. Vestn Khir Im I I Grek. 1981 Feb;126(2):20-3. Russian. PMID: 6894505.

94: Akaike N. CNS effects on muscle Na/K levels in hypokalemia. Brain Res. 1979 Dec 7;178(1):175-8. doi: 10.1016/0006-8993(79)90096-9. PMID: 497859.

95: Nattie EE. Breathing patterns in the awake potassium-depleted rat. J Appl Physiol Respir Environ Exerc Physiol. 1977 Dec;43(6):1063-74. doi: 10.1152/jappl.1977.43.6.1063. PMID: 606691.

96: Bird JW. Skeletal muscle lysosomes. Front Biol. 1975;43(4):75-109. PMID: 780148.

97: Kendig JJ, Bunker JP, Endow S. Succinylcholine-induced hyperkalemia: effects of succinylcholine on resting potentials and electrolyte distributions in normal and denervated muscle. Anesthesiology. 1972 Feb;36(2):132-7. PMID: 5059102.

98: Welbourn RB, Montgomery DA, Kennedy TL. The natural history of treated Cushing's syndrome. Br J Surg. 1971 Jan;58(1):1-16. doi: 10.1002/bjs.1800580102. PMID: 5539237.

99: Middler SA, Kleeman CR, Edwards E, Brody D. Effect of adenohypophysectomy on salt and water metabolism of the toad Bufo marinus with studies on hormonal replacement. Gen Comp Endocrinol. 1969 Apr;12(2):290-304. doi: 10.1016/0016-6480(69)90201-9. PMID: 5779821.

100: Galdo A, Cabrera A. La transfusión sanguínea en la anestesia y reanimación neuroquirúrgica [Blood transfusion in anesthesia and neurosurgical resuscitation]. Rev Esp Otoneurooftalmol Neurocir. 1969-1970;28(164):223-8. Spanish. PMID: 5398578.

101: Smith NT, Gershwin ME, Hurley EJ. Hemodynamic effects of ouabain on the surgically denervated, autotransplanted dog heart. Arch Int Pharmacodyn Ther. 1968 May;173(1):95-114. PMID: 4872540.

102: Robinson JC, Davidson JF. Profound hypokalemia mimicking subendocardial injury. Dis Chest. 1967 Aug;52(2):240-2. doi: 10.1378/chest.52.2.240. PMID: 6038782.

103: Ganong WF, Boryczka AT, Shackelford R. Effect of renin on adrenocortical sensitivity to ACTH and angiotensin II in dogs. Endocrinology. 1967 Apr;80(4):703-6. doi: 10.1210/endo-80-4-703. PMID: 4290128.

104: Morse WI, Kerenyi N, Nelson DH. Prolonged hyperadrenocorticotrophism and pigmentation associated with bronchial carcinoid tumour. Can Med Assoc J. 1967 Jan 14;96(2):104-9. PMID: 4289321; PMCID: PMC1935911.

105: Cotonat J. Effets de la surcharge hydrique chez le Chien à nerfs vagues sectionnés ou cocaïnisés [Effects of water loading in the dog after cocainization or section of vagus nerves]. C R Seances Soc Biol Fil. 1967;161(11):2283-9. French. PMID: 4233064.

  • hypokalemia.txt
  • Last modified: 2024/06/07 02:57
  • by 127.0.0.1