Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS)
Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) is a neurosurgical technique that delivers electrical impulses to specific brain areas to treat movement and psychiatric disorders.
Definition
DBS involves the implantation of electrodes into targeted brain regions. These electrodes are connected to a pulse generator (IPG) placed subcutaneously, usually in the chest. Electrical stimulation modulates abnormal neural activity.
How It Works
- Electrodes are implanted in deep brain structures (e.g., STN, GPi, VIM)
- Leads are tunneled under the skin and connected to a pulse generator
- Electrical pulses are delivered continuously or in cycles
- Stimulation parameters can be adjusted noninvasively
Approved Indications
Experimental / Emerging Indications
- Major Depression
- Tourette Syndrome
- Alzheimer’s Disease
- Chronic Pain
- Addiction
Benefits
- Reduces motor and psychiatric symptoms
- Adjustable and reversible
- May reduce the need for medication
- Improves quality of life in selected patients
Risks
- Infection
- Hemorrhage
- Hardware-related complications
- Neuropsychiatric effects (e.g., apathy, impulsivity, mood changes)
Common Targets by Indication
| Condition | Target Brain Area |
|---|---|
| Parkinson’s Disease | Subthalamic Nucleus (STN) |
| Essential Tremor | Ventral Intermediate Nucleus (VIM) |
| Dystonia | Globus Pallidus Internus (GPi) |
| OCD | Nucleus Accumbens, VC/VS |
Future Directions
- Adaptive DBS (aDBS) with real-time feedback loops
- Imaging-guided targeting and connectomics
- Expanded indications through clinical trials
- Integration with wearable tech and AI-based stimulation control
DBS is one of the most impactful neurosurgical advances in functional and psychiatric neurosurgery.