Tortuous or twisted arteries and veins are commonly seen in humans and animals. While mild tortuosity is a common anomaly without clinical symptoms, severe tortuosity can lead to various serious symptoms. Clinical observations have linked tortuous arteries and veins to aging, atherosclerosis, hypertension, genetic defects and diabetes mellitus.
Glioblastoma Multiforme (GBM) is a highly invasive brain cancer, with prominent vascular involvement, characterized by twisted blood vessel 1) and infiltration along external vessel walls 2) which makes it resistant to treatment.