Preoperative planning refers to the structured process of evaluating and preparing for a surgical procedure before it takes place. It involves the analysis of diagnostic imaging, anatomical considerations, surgical risks, and the selection of optimal approaches and tools.

In neurosurgery, preoperative planning is critical for minimizing complications, preserving neurological function, and tailoring the intervention to the patient's unique neuroanatomy—especially in complex cases such as brain tumor, vascular malformation, or spinal pathology.

New technologies like 3D virtual reality and 3D printing have enhanced preoperative planning by enabling realistic rehearsals and improved spatial understanding.