Non-invasive neurosurgical procedure

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Non-invasive neurosurgical procedures are advanced techniques designed to treat neurological conditions without traditional open surgery. These methods aim to minimize patient risk, reduce recovery time, and improve precision.

### 1. Focused Ultrasound (FUS)

1. Use: Treatment of essential tremor, Parkinson's disease, and other movement disorders.
2. How it Works: High-intensity ultrasound waves are directed to a specific brain region to create a therapeutic lesion without making an incision.
3. Advantages: No need for scalpels, minimal recovery time, and immediate symptom relief in some cases.

### 2. Gamma Knife Radiosurgery

1. Use: Treatment of brain tumors, arteriovenous malformations (AVMs), and trigeminal neuralgia.
2. How it Works: Focused beams of gamma radiation target the affected area with sub-millimeter precision.
3. Advantages: No incision, outpatient procedure, and highly effective in shrinking or destroying abnormal tissues.

### 3. Endovascular Neurosurgery

1. Use: Treatment of aneurysms, AVMs, and stroke.
2. How it Works: Catheters are guided through blood vessels to the brain, delivering coils or stents to repair or block damaged vessels.
3. Advantages: Minimally invasive, quick recovery, and reduced risk of infection compared to open surgery.

### 4. Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)

1. Use: Treatment of depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), and chronic pain.
2. How it Works: Magnetic fields stimulate specific brain areas to alter neural activity.
3. Advantages: Outpatient, painless, and no systemic side effects.

### 5. Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS)

1. While DBS is invasive in its implantation, adjustments and programming of the device can be done non-invasively, offering ongoing symptom management for conditions like Parkinson's disease or epilepsy.

### 6. Laser Interstitial Thermal Therapy (LITT)

1. Use: Treatment of brain tumors and epilepsy.
2. How it Works: A laser probe is inserted through a small hole in the skull to ablate abnormal brain tissue.
3. Advantages: Less invasive than traditional craniotomy, shorter hospital stay, and faster recovery.

### 7. Optogenetics (Experimental)

1. Use: Investigated for conditions like epilepsy and neuropsychiatric disorders.
2. How it Works: Light is used to control genetically modified neurons.
3. Advantages: Highly specific targeting of neural circuits.

### Advantages of Non-Invasive Procedures: - Reduced Risks: Lower chances of infection, bleeding, and complications. - Shorter Recovery: Patients often return to normal activities quickly. - Precision: Advanced imaging and targeting technologies ensure accuracy.