Nanoparticle analysis refers to the study and characterization of particles typically smaller than 100 nanometers. It is essential in fields such as nanomedicine, materials science, environmental monitoring, and drug delivery.

• Size and Size Distribution – measured using techniques like Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS), Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis (NTA), or Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM).
• Shape and Morphology – assessed via Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM).
• Surface Charge (Zeta Potential) – indicates stability in suspension and interaction with biological systems.
• Chemical Composition – analyzed using techniques like Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDX) and Mass Spectrometry (MS).
• Aggregation and Stability – crucial for predicting behavior in biological or industrial systems.

• Biomedical – drug delivery, cancer diagnostics, vaccine carriers.
• Environmental – pollutant detection, water purification.
• Industrial – nanocoatings, electronics, catalysis.

• Microscopy: TEM, SEM, AFM
• Spectroscopy: UV-Vis, FTIR, Raman, XPS
• Scattering: DLS, SAXS
• Separation: Centrifugation, Chromatography

Nanoparticle analysis ensures precision, reproducibility, and safety in nanotechnology applications.

• Biomarker detection: Functionalized nanoparticles can be engineered to bind specific biomarkers of brain tumors (e.g., glioblastoma), enabling early detection through non-invasive molecular imaging.
• Advanced optical imaging: Techniques like Light Scattering Imaging (LSI) allow label-free visualization of tumor cells or vascular structures with high resolution.

• Fluorescence and light scattering: Nanoparticles can be designed to emit fluorescence or scatter light selectively, assisting surgeons in differentiating tumor from healthy tissue during resection.
• Enhanced surgical precision: This minimizes the risk of incomplete resection or damage to eloquent brain areas.

• Controlled drug delivery: Certain nanoparticles can release chemotherapeutic agents or radiosensitizers in response to local stimuli (e.g., pH, temperature, light), allowing more effective and localized treatment with reduced systemic toxicity.
• Photothermal or photodynamic therapy: Optical properties of nanoparticles can be harnessed to selectively destroy tumor cells using laser light.

• In vitro and in vivo models: Nanoparticle analysis helps study blood-brain barrier penetration and brain tissue distribution, which are key for developing new neuro-oncological therapies.
• Tumor growth monitoring: Nanoparticles can serve as tracers for tracking tumor progression or therapeutic response in experimental models.

• Intraoperative LSI: Light-scattering properties of nanoparticles can be leveraged for real-time imaging in the operating room, reducing the reliance on bulky or invasive technologies.

Nanoparticle analysis, especially when combined with light scattering imaging and deep learning-based denoising, is emerging as a transformative tool in neurosurgery—enabling smarter diagnostics, more precise surgeries, and better therapeutic targeting.