⚠️ Methodological Weakness

Definition: A *methodological weakness* refers to any flaw, limitation, or inconsistency in the design, conduct, or analysis of a study that undermines the validity, reliability, or generalizability of its results.

• Small sample size → low statistical power
• Lack of randomization → selection bias
• Absence of blinding → observer or performance bias
• Poor control group → invalid comparisons
• Inadequate follow-up → incomplete outcome data
• Confounding variables not controlled → false associations
• Inappropriate statistical methods → invalid conclusions

Methodological weaknesses reduce the trustworthiness of a study’s findings and may lead to:

• Overestimation or underestimation of effects
• False causal claims
• Poor reproducibility
• Misleading recommendations

• bias
• confounding
• internal validity
• external validity