Logical refers to reasoning, conclusions, or processes that are coherent, internally consistent, and derived through valid principles of inference. In science, it implies that arguments follow from evidence or premises in a structured and rational way.

• Consistency: Free of contradictions.
• Coherence: Each part fits within an overall structure or argument.
• Validity: Follows accepted rules of deduction or induction.
• Justifiability: Each step can be explained or defended rationally.

• Logical reasoning underpins:
  • Hypothesis testing
  • Causal inference
  • Data interpretation
• Lack of logical structure often results in:
  • Fallacies
  • Overgeneralizations
  • Non-sequiturs