Over the next decade, advances in intrathecal catheter design, access techniques, imaging, and greater understanding of the spinal cord neurophysiology will usher in an era where the intrathecal space is recognized as a highly valued diagnostic and therapeutic target. We anticipate that this will occur in several concurrent phases, each with the potential to accelerate the growth of the others 1).
1: Leibold AT, Weyhenmeyer J, Lee A. Simultaneous explantation and implantation of intrathecal pumps: a case series. J Neurosurg. 2019 Apr 12:1-7. doi: 10.3171/2019.1.JNS18919. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 30978693.
2: Lake W, Shah H. Intrathecal Baclofen Infusion for the Treatment of Movement Disorders. Neurosurg Clin N Am. 2019 Apr;30(2):203-209. doi: 10.1016/j.nec.2018.12.002. Epub 2019 Feb 18. Review. PubMed PMID: 30898271.
3: Glud AN, Jakobsen S, Landau AM, Olsen Alstrup AK, Hedemann Sørensen JC. Visualization of intrathecal delivery by PET-imaging. J Neurosci Methods. 2019 Apr 1;317:45-48. doi: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2019.02.003. Epub 2019 Feb 7. PubMed PMID: 30738881.
4: Malysz-Cymborska I, Golubczyk D, Kalkowski L, Burczyk A, Janowski M, Holak P, Olbrych K, Sanford J, Stachowiak K, Milewska K, Gorecki P, Adamiak Z, Maksymowicz W, Walczak P. MRI-guided intrathecal transplantation of hydrogel-embedded glial progenitors in large animals. Sci Rep. 2018 Nov 7;8(1):16490. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-34723-x. PubMed PMID: 30405160; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC6220305.
5: Hwang RS, Sukul V, Collison C, Prusik J, Pilitsis JG. A Novel Approach to Avoid Baclofen Withdrawal When Faced With Infected Baclofen Pumps. Neuromodulation. 2018 Oct 16. doi: 10.1111/ner.12873. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 30325089.
6: Byun YH, Gwak HS, Kwon JW, Kim KG, Shin SH, Lee SH, Yoo H. A Novel Implantable Cerebrospinal Fluid Reservoir : A Pilot Study. J Korean Neurosurg Soc. 2018 Sep;61(5):640-644. doi: 10.3340/jkns.2018.0098. Epub 2018 Aug 31. PubMed PMID: 30196661; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC6129757.
7: Shao J, Frizon L, Machado AG, McKee K, Bethoux F, Hartman J, Nagel SJ. Occlusion of the Ascenda Catheter in a Patient with Pump Twiddler's Sydrome: A Case Report. Anesth Pain Med. 2018 Apr 28;8(2):e65312. doi: 10.5812/aapm.65312. eCollection 2018 Apr. PubMed PMID: 30027067; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC6045776.
8: Pucks-Faes E, Hitzenberger G, Matzak H, Fava E, Verrienti G, Laimer I, Fritz J, Saltuari L. Eleven years' experience with Intrathecal Baclofen - Complications, risk factors. Brain Behav. 2018 Mar 30;8(5):e00965. doi: 10.1002/brb3.965. eCollection 2018 May. PubMed PMID: 29761017; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC5943769.
9: Gallagher MJ, Zoumprouli A, Phang I, Schwab JM, Kopp MA, Liebscher T, Papadopoulos MC, Saadoun S. Markedly Deranged Injury Site Metabolism and Impaired Functional Recovery in Acute Spinal Cord Injury Patients With Fever. Crit Care Med. 2018 Jul;46(7):1150-1157. doi: 10.1097/CCM.0000000000003134. PubMed PMID: 29629987.
10: Kim AJ, Basu S, Glass C, Ross EL, Agar N, He Q, Calligaris D. Unique Intradural Inflammatory Mass Containing Precipitated Morphine: Confirmatory Analysis by LESA-MS and MALDI-MS. Pain Pract. 2018 Sep;18(7):889-894. doi: 10.1111/papr.12688. Epub 2018 Mar 30. PubMed PMID: 29480977; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC6109606.
11: Ozdamar D, Dayioglu H, Anik I, Solakoglu S, Solak M, Toker K. Evaluation of the neurotoxicity of intrathecal dexmedetomidine on rat spinal cord (electromicroscopic observations). Saudi J Anaesth. 2018 Jan-Mar;12(1):10-15. doi: 10.4103/sja.SJA_143_17. PubMed PMID: 29416450; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC5789466.
12: Aljuboori Z, Archer J, Huff W, Moreno A, Jea A. Placement of baclofen pump catheter through a C1-2 puncture: technical note. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 2018 Apr;21(4):389-394. doi: 10.3171/2017.9.PEDS17289. Epub 2018 Jan 26. PubMed PMID: 29372855.
13: Ozerov S, Thomale UW, Schulz M, Schaumann A, Samarin A, Kumirova E. The use of a smartphone-assisted ventricle catheter guide for Ommaya reservoir placement-experience of a retrospective bi-center study. Childs Nerv Syst. 2018 May;34(5):853-859. doi: 10.1007/s00381-017-3713-6. Epub 2018 Jan 10. PubMed PMID: 29322340.
14: Raju S, Champagne PO, Walsh L, Denis DJ. Minimally invasive repair of a pseudomeningocele caused by a sheared intrathecal catheter following implantation of a drug delivery system. Surg Neurol Int. 2017 Dec 6;8:297. doi: 10.4103/sni.sni_279_17. eCollection 2017. PubMed PMID: 29285413; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC5735434.
15: Devine OP, Harborne AC, Lo WB, Price R. Colonic perforation by an intrathecal baclofen pump catheter causing delayed Escherichia coli meningitis. BMJ Case Rep. 2017 Dec 20;2017. pii: bcr-2017-222539. doi: 10.1136/bcr-2017-222539. PubMed PMID: 29269368.
16: Zada G, Bakhsheshian J, Pham M, Minneti M, Christian E, Winer J, Robison A, Wrobel B, Russin J, Mack WJ, Giannotta S. Development of a Perfusion-Based Cadaveric Simulation Model Integrated into Neurosurgical Training: Feasibility Based On Reconstitution of Vascular and Cerebrospinal Fluid Systems. Oper Neurosurg (Hagerstown). 2018 Jan 1;14(1):72-80. doi: 10.1093/ons/opx074. PubMed PMID: 29117409.
17: Nagel SJ, Reddy CG, Frizon LA, Holland MT, Machado AG, Gillies GT, Howard MA 3rd. Intrathecal Therapeutics: Device Design, Access Methods, and Complication Mitigation. Neuromodulation. 2018 Oct;21(7):625-640. doi: 10.1111/ner.12693. Epub 2017 Sep 29. Review. PubMed PMID: 28961351.
18: Lane J, Zacharia BE. Endoscopic-Assisted Ommaya Reservoir Placement: Technical Note. Cureus. 2017 Jul 19;9(7):e1490. doi: 10.7759/cureus.1490. PubMed PMID: 28944129; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC5605123.
19: Alan N, Lee P, Ozpinar A, Gross BA, Jankowitz BT. Robotic Stereotactic Assistance (ROSA) Utilization for Minimally Invasive Placement of Intraparenchymal Hematoma and Intraventricular Catheters. World Neurosurg. 2017 Dec;108:996.e7-996.e10. doi: 10.1016/j.wneu.2017.09.027. Epub 2017 Sep 14. PubMed PMID: 28919568.
20: Squair JW, Bélanger LM, Tsang A, Ritchie L, Mac-Thiong JM, Parent S, Christie S, Bailey C, Dhall S, Street J, Ailon T, Paquette S, Dea N, Fisher CG, Dvorak MF, West CR, Kwon BK. Spinal cord perfusion pressure predicts neurologic recovery in acute spinal cord injury. Neurology. 2017 Oct 17;89(16):1660-1667. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000004519. Epub 2017 Sep 15. PubMed PMID: 28916535.
21: Li X, Sun S, Ling X, Chen K, Wang Q, Zhao Z. Plasma and cerebrospinal fluid population pharmacokinetics of vancomycin in postoperative neurosurgical patients after combined intravenous and intraventricular administration. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2017 Dec;73(12):1599-1607. doi: 10.1007/s00228-017-2313-4. Epub 2017 Aug 29. PubMed PMID: 28849406.
22: Delhaas EM, Harhangi BS, Frankema SPG, Huygen FJPM, van der Lugt A. Plain radiography in patients treated with intrathecal drug delivery using an implantable pump device. Insights Imaging. 2017 Oct;8(5):499-511. doi: 10.1007/s13244-017-0568-z. Epub 2017 Aug 24. PubMed PMID: 28840489; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC5621993.
23: Hussein K, Bitterman R, Shofty B, Paul M, Neuberger A. Management of post-neurosurgical meningitis: narrative review. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2017 Sep;23(9):621-628. doi: 10.1016/j.cmi.2017.05.013. Epub 2017 May 18. Review. PubMed PMID: 28529027.
24: Tsioutis C, Karageorgos SA, Stratakou S, Soundoulounaki S, Karabetsos DA, Kouyentakis G, Gikas A. Clinical characteristics, microbiology and outcomes of external ventricular drainage-associated infections: The importance of active treatment. J Clin Neurosci. 2017 Aug;42:54-58. doi: 10.1016/j.jocn.2017.03.023. Epub 2017 Mar 22. PubMed PMID: 28342707.
25: Koyanagi M, Fukuda H, Lo B, Uezato M, Kurosaki Y, Sadamasa N, Handa A, Chin M, Yamagata S. Effect of intrathecal milrinone injection via lumbar catheter on delayed cerebral ischemia after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Neurosurg. 2018 Mar;128(3):717-722. doi: 10.3171/2016.10.JNS162227. Epub 2017 Mar 3. PubMed PMID: 28298035.
26: Decramer T, Van Dyck-Lippens PJ, Franken TP, Demaerel P, van Loon J, Theys T. A Small Leak Will Sink the Brain: Targeted C1-C2 Patching. World Neurosurg. 2017 May;101:816.e1-816.e3. doi: 10.1016/j.wneu.2017.02.086. Epub 2017 Feb 27. PubMed PMID: 28254591.
27: Volkov AA, Filis AK, Vrionis FD. Surgical Treatment for Leptomeningeal Disease. Cancer Control. 2017 Jan;24(1):47-53. Review. PubMed PMID: 28178712.
28: Robinson S, Robertson FC, Dasenbrock HH, O'Brien CP, Berde C, Padua H. Image-guided intrathecal baclofen pump catheter implantation: a technical note and case series. J Neurosurg Spine. 2017 May;26(5):621-627. doi: 10.3171/2016.8.SPINE16263. Epub 2017 Feb 3. PubMed PMID: 28156208.
29: Takamiya S, Sasamori T, Hamauchi S, Seki T, Kano T, Yabe I, Sasaki H, Houkin K. [Utility of Intraoperative Catheter Myelography during Intrathecal Baclofen Pump Implantation:Report of 2 Cases]. No Shinkei Geka. 2017 Jan;45(1):53-58. doi: 10.11477/mf.1436203449. Japanese. PubMed PMID: 28100863.
30: Morishita A, Aihara H, Nakai T, Adachi M. [A Pediatric Case of Intractable Cerebrospinal Fluid Leakage after Implantation of an Intrathecal Baclofen Pump]. No Shinkei Geka. 2017 Jan;45(1):33-38. doi: 10.11477/mf.1436203444. Japanese. PubMed PMID: 28100860.
31: Emiroglu M, Alkan G, Turk Dagi H. Tigecycline Therapy in an Infant for Ventriculoperitoneal Shunt Meningitis. Pediatrics. 2017 Jan;139(1). pii: e20160963. doi: 10.1542/peds.2016-0963. Epub 2016 Dec 14. PubMed PMID: 27974589.
32: Fu RZ, Anwar DR, Laban JT, Maratos EC, Minhas PS, Martin AJ. Pre-emptive intrathecal vancomycin therapy reduces external ventricular drain infection: a single centre retrospective case-control study. Br J Neurosurg. 2017 Feb;31(1):16-20. doi: 10.1080/02688697.2016.1229741. Epub 2016 Sep 14. PubMed PMID: 27623701.
33: Choi SA, Kwak PA, Kim SK, Park SH, Lee JY, Wang KC, Oh HJ, Kim K, Lee DS, Hwang do W, Phi JH. In vivo bioluminescence imaging for leptomeningeal dissemination of medulloblastoma in mouse models. BMC Cancer. 2016 Sep 8;16(1):723. doi: 10.1186/s12885-016-2742-y. PubMed PMID: 27609092; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC5016924.
34: Geng J, Li M. [Ultrasound-assisted neuraxial anesthesia in a patient with previous lumbar laminectomy and fusion: a case report]. Beijing Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban. 2016 Aug 18;48(4):747-750. Chinese. PubMed PMID: 29263526.
35: Morgalla M, Fortunato M, Azam A, Tatagiba M, Lepski G. High-Resolution Three-Dimensional Computed Tomography for Assessing Complications Related to Intrathecal Drug Delivery. Pain Physician. 2016 Jul;19(5):E775-80. PubMed PMID: 27389121.
36: Motta F, Antonello CE. Comparison between an Ascenda and a silicone catheter in intrathecal baclofen therapy in pediatric patients: analysis of complications. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 2016 Oct;18(4):493-498. Epub 2016 Jun 24. PubMed PMID: 27341610.
37: Morgenstern PF, Connors S, Reiner AS, Greenfield JP. Image Guidance for Placement of Ommaya Reservoirs: Comparison of Fluoroscopy and Frameless Stereotactic Navigation in 145 Patients. World Neurosurg. 2016 Sep;93:154-8. doi: 10.1016/j.wneu.2016.04.090. Epub 2016 Jun 10. PubMed PMID: 27292205; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC5523660.
38: Sindt JE, Brogan SE. Interventional Treatments of Cancer Pain. Anesthesiol Clin. 2016 Jun;34(2):317-39. doi: 10.1016/j.anclin.2016.01.004. Review. PubMed PMID: 27208713.
39: Sasaki N, Ogiwara H. Intrathecal Baclofen Therapy in a Child With Severe Scoliosis: Report of 2 Cases. Neuromodulation. 2016 Aug;19(6):664-6. doi: 10.1111/ner.12449. Epub 2016 May 18. PubMed PMID: 27191796.
40: Zaphiratos V, George RB, Macaulay B, Bolleddula P, McKeen DM. Epidural Volume Extension During Combined Spinal-Epidural Labor Analgesia Does Not Increase Sensory Block. Anesth Analg. 2016 Sep;123(3):684-9. doi: 10.1213/ANE.0000000000001281. PubMed PMID: 27088994.
41: Han JL, Loriaux DB, Tybout C, Kinon MD, Rahimpour S, Runyon SL, Hopkins TJ, Boortz-Marx RL, Lad SP. Thoracic Nerve Root Entrapment by Intrathecal Catheter Coiling: Case Report and Review of the Literature. Pain Physician. 2016 Mar;19(3):E499-504. Review. PubMed PMID: 27008308.
42: Decramer T, Morlion B, Van Calenbergh F, Nuttin B, van Loon J, Theys T. Unexpected Symptomatic Catheter Tip Mass in Chronic Intrathecal Opioid Therapy. Pain Med. 2016 Aug;17(8):1571-3. doi: 10.1093/pm/pnw025. Epub 2016 Feb 26. PubMed PMID: 26921887.
43: Spader HS, Bollo RJ, Bowers CA, Riva-Cambrin J. Risk factors for baclofen pump infection in children: a multivariate analysis. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 2016 Jun;17(6):756-62. doi: 10.3171/2015.11.PEDS15421. Epub 2016 Feb 26. PubMed PMID: 26919315.
44: Hayek SM, Sweet JA, Miller JP, Sayegh RR. Successful Management of Corneal Neuropathic Pain with Intrathecal Targeted Drug Delivery. Pain Med. 2016 Jul;17(7):1302-7. doi: 10.1093/pm/pnv058. Epub 2015 Dec 14. PubMed PMID: 26814286.
45: Kennedy BC, Brown LT, Komotar RJ, McKhann GM 2nd. Frameless Stereotactic Ommaya Reservoir Placement: Efficacy and Complication Comparison with Frame-Based Technique. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg. 2015;93(6):415-8. doi: 10.1159/000442423. Epub 2016 Jan 13. PubMed PMID: 26756899.
46: Oshino S, Kishima H, Ohnishi Y, Iwatsuki K, Saitoh Y. “Do Not Follow the Tail”: A Practical Approach to Remove a Sheared Lumbar Catheter Fragment Avoiding Its Migration into the Spinal Canal. World Neurosurg. 2016 Mar;87:266-8. doi: 10.1016/j.wneu.2015.11.065. Epub 2015 Dec 15. PubMed PMID: 26704202.
47: Thakur SK, Rubin BA, Harter DH. Long-term follow-up for lumbar intrathecal baclofen catheters placed using the paraspinal subfascial technique. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 2016 Mar;17(3):357-60. doi: 10.3171/2015.7.PEDS15137. Epub 2015 Nov 20. PubMed PMID: 26588457.
48: Frémondière F, Lacoeuille F, Sher A, Couturier O, Menei P, Richard I, Dinomais M. Isotopic Scintigraphy Coupled With Computed Tomography for the Investigation of Intrathecal Baclofen Device Malfunction. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2016 Apr;97(4):646-649. doi: 10.1016/j.apmr.2015.10.101. Epub 2015 Nov 12. PubMed PMID: 26582550.
49: Sayer C, Lumsden DE, Perides S, Tustin K, Bassi S, Lin JP, Kaminska M. Intrathecal baclofen trials: complications and positive yield in a pediatric cohort. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 2016 Feb;17(2):240-245. doi: 10.3171/2015.5.PEDS14587. Epub 2015 Oct 30. PubMed PMID: 26517061.
50: Shibata A, Yamamoto M, Watanabe Y, Terashima H, Kashii H, Kubota M, Morota N. [Scintigraphic imaging in the diagnosis of failed intrathecal baclofen therapy: a case report of a 7-year-old boy with ventriculoperitoneal shunt]. No To Hattatsu. 2015 Sep;47(5):367-71. Japanese. PubMed PMID: 26502655.
51: Shofty B, Neuberger A, Naffaa ME, Binawi T, Babitch T, Rappaport ZH, Zaaroor M, Sviri G, Paul M. Intrathecal or intraventricular therapy for post-neurosurgical Gram-negative meningitis: matched cohort study. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2016 Jan;22(1):66-70. doi: 10.1016/j.cmi.2015.09.023. Epub 2015 Oct 8. PubMed PMID: 26456474.
52: Kratzsch T, Stienen MN, Reck T, Hildebrandt G, Hoederath P. Catheter-tip Granulomas Associated with Intrathecal Drug Delivery–A Two-Center Experience Identifying 13 Cases. Pain Physician. 2015 Sep-Oct;18(5):E831-40. PubMed PMID: 26431137.
53: Kunz RE, Rohrbach H, Gorgas D, Gendron K, Henke D, Forterre F. Assessment of Intrathecal Pressure in Chondrodystrophic Dogs With Acute Thoracolumbar Disk Disease. Vet Surg. 2015 Aug;44(6):687-93. doi: 10.1111/j.1532-950X.2014.12319.x. PubMed PMID: 26223569.
54: Stetkarova I, Brabec K, Vasko P, Mencl L. Intrathecal Baclofen in Spinal Spasticity: Frequency and Severity of Withdrawal Syndrome. Pain Physician. 2015 Jul-Aug;18(4):E633-41. PubMed PMID: 26218954.
55: Dressler D, Berweck S, Chatzikalfas A, Ebke M, Frank B, Hesse S, Huber M, Krauss JK, Mücke KH, Nolte A, Oelmann HD, Schönle PW, Schmutzler M, Pickenbrock H, Van der Ven C, Veelken N, Vogel M, Vogt T, Saberi FA. Intrathecal Baclofen therapy in Germany: Proceedings of the IAB-Interdisciplinary Working Group for Movement Disorders Consensus Meeting. J Neural Transm (Vienna). 2015 Nov;122(11):1573-9. doi: 10.1007/s00702-015-1425-1. Epub 2015 Jul 16. PubMed PMID: 26179478.
56: Woolen S, Gemmete JJ, Pandey AS, Chaudhary N. Targeted epidural patch with n-butyl cyanoacrylate (n-BCA) through a single catheter access site for treatment of a cerebral spinal fluid leak causing spontaneous intracranial hypotension. J Neurointerv Surg. 2016 Jul;8(7):e26. doi: 10.1136/neurintsurg-2015-011778.rep. Epub 2015 Jun 5. PubMed PMID: 26047904.
57: Dastgir A, Ranalli NJ, MacGregor TL, Aldana PR. Baclofen pump catheter leakage after migration of the abdominal catheter in a pediatric patient with spasticity. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 2015 Sep;16(3):335-9. doi: 10.3171/2015.2.PEDS14501. Epub 2015 Jun 5. PubMed PMID: 26046690.
58: Woolen S, Gemmete JJ, Pandey AS, Chaudhary N. Targeted epidural patch with n-butyl cyanoacrylate (n-BCA) through a single catheter access site for treatment of a cerebral spinal fluid leak causing spontaneous intracranial hypotension. BMJ Case Rep. 2015 Jun 2;2015. pii: bcr2015011778. doi: 10.1136/bcr-2015-011778. PubMed PMID: 26038380; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4460418.
59: Chen TC, Napolitano GR, Adell F, Schönthal AH, Shachar Y. Development of the Metronomic Biofeedback Pump for leptomeningeal carcinomatosis: technical note. J Neurosurg. 2015 Aug;123(2):362-72. doi: 10.3171/2014.10.JNS14343. Epub 2015 May 8. PubMed PMID: 25955873.
60: Vassal O, Del Carmine P, Beuriat PA, Desgranges FP, Gadot N, Allaouchiche B, Timour-Chah Q, Stewart A, Chassard D. Neurotoxicity of intrathecal 6% hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4 injection in a rat model. Anaesthesia. 2015 Sep;70(9):1045-51. doi: 10.1111/anae.13076. Epub 2015 Apr 23. PubMed PMID: 25907209.
61: Lopez WO, Kluge Schroeder H, Santana Neville I, Jacobsen Teixeira M, Costa Barbosa D, Assumpçao de Mônaco B, Talamoni Fonoff E. Intrathecal morphine therapy in the management of status dystonicus in neurodegeneration brain iron accumulation type 1. Pediatr Neurosurg. 2015;50(2):94-8. doi: 10.1159/000370005. Epub 2015 Apr 17. PubMed PMID: 25896138.
62: Phillips MM, Miljkovic N, Ramos-Lamboy M, Moossy JJ, Horton J, Buhari AM, Munin MC. Clinical Experience With Continuous Intrathecal Baclofen Trials Prior to Pump Implantation. PM R. 2015 Oct;7(10):1052-1058. doi: 10.1016/j.pmrj.2015.03.020. Epub 2015 Mar 28. PubMed PMID: 25828204.
63: Taira T, Takeda N. [Intrathecal baclofen therapy for hereditary spastic paraplegia]. Rinsho Shinkeigaku. 2014;54(12):1018-20. doi: 10.5692/clinicalneurol.54.1018. Review. Japanese. PubMed PMID: 25672696.
64: Moeschler SM, Rosenberg C, Trainor D, Rho RH, Mauck WD. Interventional modalities to treat cancer-related pain. Hosp Pract (1995). 2014 Dec;42(5):14-23. doi: 10.3810/hp.2014.12.1155. Review. PubMed PMID: 25485914.
65: Ravindra VM, Ray WZ, Sayama CM, Dailey AT. Increased spasticity from a fracture in the baclofen catheter caused by Charcot spine: case report. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2015 Apr;96(4):697-701. doi: 10.1016/j.apmr.2014.10.025. Epub 2014 Nov 25. PubMed PMID: 25461826.
66: Manix M, Wilden J, Cuellar-Saenz HH. Percutaneous retrieval of an intrathecal foreign body: technical note. J Neurointerv Surg. 2015 Oct;7(10):e36. doi: 10.1136/neurintsurg-2014-011429.rep. Epub 2014 Oct 10. PubMed PMID: 25304499.
67: Manix M, Wilden J, Cuellar-Saenz HH. Percutaneous retrieval of an intrathecal foreign body: technical note. BMJ Case Rep. 2014 Oct 7;2014. pii: bcr2014011429. doi: 10.1136/bcr-2014-011429. PubMed PMID: 25293681; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4187425.
68: Gulati A, Shah R, Puttanniah V, Hung JC, Malhotra V. A retrospective review and treatment paradigm of interventional therapies for patients suffering from intractable thoracic chest wall pain in the oncologic population. Pain Med. 2015 Apr;16(4):802-10. doi: 10.1111/pme.12558. Epub 2014 Sep 19. Review. PubMed PMID: 25236160.
69: Palejwala SK, Stidd DA, Skoch JM, Gupta P, Lemole GM Jr, Weinand ME. Use of a stop-flow programmable shunt valve to maximize CNS chemotherapy delivery in a pediatric patient with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Surg Neurol Int. 2014 Aug 21;5(Suppl 4):S273-7. doi: 10.4103/2152-7806.139381. eCollection 2014. PubMed PMID: 25225619; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4163905.
70: Waqar M, Ellenbogen JR, Kumar R, Sneade C, Zebian B, Williams D, Pettorini BL. Indwelling intrathecal catheter with subcutaneous abdominal reservoir: a viable baclofen delivery system in severely cachectic patients. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 2014 Oct;14(4):409-13. doi: 10.3171/2014.6.PEDS13686. Epub 2014 Aug 1. PubMed PMID: 25084089.
71: Hardesty DA, Ramey W, Afrasiabi M, Beck B, Gonzalez O, Moran A, Nakaji P. Patient outcomes and surgical complications in coccidioidomycosis-related hydrocephalus: an institutional review. J Neurosurg. 2014 Oct;121(4):785-9. doi: 10.3171/2014.6.JNS14111. Epub 2014 Jul 25. PubMed PMID: 25061867.
72: Margetis K, Korfias S, Boutos N, Gatzonis S, Themistocleous M, Siatouni A, Dalivigka Z, Flaskas T, Stranjalis G, Boviatsis E, Sakas D. Intrathecal baclofen therapy for the symptomatic treatment of hereditary spastic paraplegia. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2014 Aug;123:142-5. doi: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2014.05.024. Epub 2014 Jun 4. PubMed PMID: 24973568.
73: Ghobrial GM, Thakkar V, Singhal S, Oppenlander ME, Maulucci CM, Harrop JS, Jallo J, Prasad S, Saulino M, Sharan AD. Efficacy of intraoperative vancomycin powder use in intrathecal baclofen pump implantation procedures: single institutional series in a high risk population. J Clin Neurosci. 2014 Oct;21(10):1786-9. doi: 10.1016/j.jocn.2014.04.007. Epub 2014 Jun 14. PubMed PMID: 24938386.
74: Sadamasa N, Yoshida K, Narumi O, Chin M, Yamagata S. Milrinone via lumbar subarachnoid catheter for vasospasm after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurocrit Care. 2014 Dec;21(3):470-5. doi: 10.1007/s12028-014-9996-5. PubMed PMID: 24899113.
75: Heetla HW, Staal MJ, Proost JH, van Laar T. Clinical relevance of pharmacological and physiological data in intrathecal baclofen therapy. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2014 Nov;95(11):2199-206. doi: 10.1016/j.apmr.2014.04.030. Epub 2014 Jun 2. Review. PubMed PMID: 24893275.
76: Goksu E, Goksu E, Karsli B, Akyuz M, Akbas H, Unal A, Boztug N, Tuncer R. Cerebrospinal fluid cystatin C levels following treatment for aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Turk Neurosurg. 2014;24(3):391-7. doi: 10.5137/1019-5149.JTN.8953-13.1. PubMed PMID: 24848180.
77: Gobin J, Lonjaret L, Pailhas A, Bayoumeu F, Minville V. Accidental dural puncture: combination of prophylactic methods to avoid post-dural puncture headache. Ann Fr Anesth Reanim. 2014 May;33(5):e95-7. doi: 10.1016/j.annfar.2014.03.019. Epub 2014 May 10. PubMed PMID: 24821339.
78: Borrini L, Bensmail D, Thiebaut JB, Hugeron C, Rech C, Jourdan C. Occurrence of adverse events in long-term intrathecal baclofen infusion: a 1-year follow-up study of 158 adults. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2014 Jun;95(6):1032-8. doi: 10.1016/j.apmr.2013.12.019. Epub 2014 Jan 6. PubMed PMID: 24407102.
79: Dalm BD, Brennan TJ, Elahi F, Howard MA 3rd, Reddy CG. Successful conservative management of an intrathecal catheter-associated inflammatory mass. Spine J. 2013 Nov;13(11):1708-9. doi: 10.1016/j.spinee.2013.07.471. Epub 2013 Oct 28. PubMed PMID: 24176809.
80: Li YM, Blaskiewicz DJ, Hall WA. Shunt-related intracranial abscess caused by Staphylococcus lugdunensis in a hydranencephalic patient. World Neurosurg. 2013 Dec;80(6):e387-9. doi: 10.1016/j.wneu.2013.01.046. Epub 2013 Jan 12. PubMed PMID: 23321380.
81: Taira T, Ueta T, Katayama Y, Kimizuka M, Nemoto A, Mizusawa H, Liu M, Koito M, Hiro Y, Tanabe H. Rate of complications among the recipients of intrathecal baclofen pump in Japan: a multicenter study. Neuromodulation. 2013 May-Jun;16(3):266-72; discussion 272. doi: 10.1111/ner.12010. Epub 2012 Dec 14. PubMed PMID: 23240625.
82: Pratt S, Vasudevan A, Hess P. A prospective randomized trial of lidocaine 30 mg versus 45 mg for epidural test dose for intrathecal injection in the obstetric population. Anesth Analg. 2013 Jan;116(1):125-32. doi: 10.1213/ANE.0b013e31826c7ebe. Epub 2012 Dec 7. Erratum in: Anesth Analg. 2013 Apr;116(4):951. PubMed PMID: 23223105.
83: Mascitelli J, De Los Reyes K, Steinberger J, Zou H. Lack of functionality and need for revision of an Ommaya reservoir placed into a cavum septum pellucidum. J Neurosurg. 2013 Mar;118(3):502-4. doi: 10.3171/2012.10.JNS12818. Epub 2012 Nov 2. PubMed PMID: 23121429.
84: Osaka Y, Kashiwagi M. [Combined subarachnoidal block and continuous femoral nerve block for two patients undergoing bilateral simultaneous total knee arthroplasty]. Masui. 2012 Aug;61(8):863-5. Japanese. PubMed PMID: 22991813.
85: Yowtak J, Cato K, Williams H, Salazar P, Macomson S, Sekul E, Vender J. Indium 111 diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid scintigraphy in the identification and management of intrathecal pump malfunction. PM R. 2013 Jan;5(1):32-8. doi: 10.1016/j.pmrj.2012.07.010. Epub 2012 Sep 12. PubMed PMID: 22981006.
86: Ughratdar I, Muquit S, Ingale H, Moussa A, Ammar A, Vloeberghs M. Cervical implantation of intrathecal baclofen pump catheter in children with severe scoliosis. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 2012 Jul;10(1):34-8. doi: 10.3171/2012.3.PEDS11474. Epub 2012 Jun 15. PubMed PMID: 22702326.
87: Bollo RJ, Gooch JL, Walker ML. Stereotactic endoscopic placement of third ventricle catheter for long-term infusion of baclofen in patients with secondary generalized dystonia. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 2012 Jul;10(1):30-3. doi: 10.3171/2012.3.PEDS11405. Epub 2012 Jun 8. PubMed PMID: 22681318.
88: Frietsch T, Lieb AF, Wulf H, Ruchholtz S, Thome C. [Rare medical incidents: Actual consensus statement for the removal of neuraxial catheter fragments]. Anasthesiol Intensivmed Notfallmed Schmerzther. 2012 May;47(5):346-51. doi: 10.1055/s-0032-1313573. Epub 2012 May 24. German. PubMed PMID: 22628031.
89: Rocque BG, Leland Albright A. Intraventricular vs intrathecal baclofen for secondary dystonia: a comparison of complications. Neurosurgery. 2012 Jun;70(2 Suppl Operative):321-5; discussion 325-6. doi: 10.1227/NEU.0b013e31823f5cd9. Review. PubMed PMID: 22555626; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3391611.
90: Awaad Y, Rizk T, Siddiqui I, Roosen N, McIntosh K, Waines GM. Complications of intrathecal baclofen pump: prevention and cure. ISRN Neurol. 2012;2012:575168. doi: 10.5402/2012/575168. Epub 2012 Mar 24. PubMed PMID: 22548189; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3323842.
91: Schrock SD, Harraway-Smith C. Labor analgesia. Am Fam Physician. 2012 Mar 1;85(5):447-54. Review. PubMed PMID: 22534222.
92: Calenda E, Baste JM, Danielou E, Michelin P. Temporary quadriplegia following continuous thoracic paravertebral block. J Clin Anesth. 2012 May;24(3):227-30. doi: 10.1016/j.jclinane.2011.07.017. Epub 2012 Apr 4. PubMed PMID: 22483157.
93: Bayston R, Ullas G, Ashraf W. Action of linezolid or vancomycin on biofilms in ventriculoperitoneal shunts in vitro. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2012 Jun;56(6):2842-5. doi: 10.1128/AAC.06326-11. Epub 2012 Mar 19. PubMed PMID: 22430965; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3370720.
94: Rikalainen-Salmi R, Förster JG, Mäkelä K, Virolainen P, Leino KA, Pitkänen MT, Neuvonen PJ, Kuusniemi KS. Local infiltration analgesia with levobupivacaine compared with intrathecal morphine in total hip arthroplasty patients. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2012 Jul;56(6):695-705. doi: 10.1111/j.1399-6576.2012.02667.x. Epub 2012 Mar 7. PubMed PMID: 22404241.
95: Muquit S, Ughratdar I, Ingale H, Vloeberghs M. Cervical catheter placement for intrathecal baclofen test dose: is it safe? Childs Nerv Syst. 2012 Jun;28(6):919-22. doi: 10.1007/s00381-012-1711-2. Epub 2012 Feb 12. PubMed PMID: 22327250.
96: Nomura S, Kagawa Y, Kida H, Maruta Y, Imoto H, Fujii M, Suzuki M. Effects of intrathecal baclofen therapy on motor and cognitive functions in a rat model of cerebral palsy. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 2012 Feb;9(2):209-15. doi: 10.3171/2011.10.PEDS11209. PubMed PMID: 22295929.
97: Varhabhatla NC, Zuo Z. Rising complication rates after intrathecal catheter and pump placement in the pediatric population: analysis of national data between 1997 and 2006. Pain Physician. 2012 Jan-Feb;15(1):65-74. PubMed PMID: 22270739.
98: Bassani L, Harter DH. Paraspinal subfascial placement of lumbar intrathecal baclofen catheters: short-term outcomes of a novel technique. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 2012 Jan;9(1):93-8. doi: 10.3171/2011.10.PEDS11168. PubMed PMID: 22208328.
99: Natale M, Mirone G, Rotondo M, Moraci A. Intrathecal baclofen therapy for severe spasticity: analysis on a series of 112 consecutive patients and future prospectives. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2012 May;114(4):321-5. doi: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2011.10.046. Epub 2011 Nov 21. PubMed PMID: 22104692.
100: Shrestha P, Malla H, Pant B, Taira T. Intrathecal baclofen therapy in severe head injury, first time in Nepal, a technique suitable for underdeveloped countries. Asian J Neurosurg. 2011 Jan;6(1):49-51. doi: 10.4103/1793-5482.85638. PubMed PMID: 22059105; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3205552.
101: Tomycz ND, Ortiz V, McFadden KA, Urgo L, Moossy JJ. Management of symptomatic intrathecal catheter-associated inflammatory masses. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2012 Feb;114(2):190-5. doi: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2011.10.012. Epub 2011 Nov 5. PubMed PMID: 22056761.
102: Magro E, Remy-Neris O, Seizeur R, Allano V, Quinio B, Dam-Hieu P. Bilateral subdural hematoma following implantation of intrathecal drug delivery device. Neuromodulation. 2011 Mar-Apr;14(2):179-81; discussion 182. doi: 10.1111/j.1525-1403.2011.00335.x. Epub 2011 Mar 1. PubMed PMID: 21992208.
103: Moomiaie RM, Gould G, Solomon D, Simmons J, Kim J, Botta D, Elefteriades JA. Novel intracranial brain cooling catheter to mitigate brain injuries. J Neurointerv Surg. 2012 Mar;4(2):130-3. doi: 10.1136/jnis.2010.004432. Epub 2011 Jun 14. PubMed PMID: 21990455.
104: Albright AL. Technique for insertion of intraventricular baclofen catheters. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 2011 Oct;8(4):394-5. doi: 10.3171/2011.7.PEDS11211. PubMed PMID: 21961547.
105: Taira T. [Intrathecal baclofen therapy]. Rinsho Shinkeigaku. 2010 Nov;50(11):816-9. Japanese. PubMed PMID: 21921450.
106: Federici T, Taub JS, Baum GR, Gray SJ, Grieger JC, Matthews KA, Handy CR, Passini MA, Samulski RJ, Boulis NM. Robust spinal motor neuron transduction following intrathecal delivery of AAV9 in pigs. Gene Ther. 2012 Aug;19(8):852-9. doi: 10.1038/gt.2011.130. Epub 2011 Sep 15. PubMed PMID: 21918551.
107: Guppy KH, Silverthorn JW, Akins PT. Subarachnoid hemorrhage due to retained lumbar drain. J Neurosurg Spine. 2011 Dec;15(6):641-4. doi: 10.3171/2011.8.SPINE11387. Epub 2011 Sep 9. PubMed PMID: 21905770.
108: Kitchen WJ, Singh N, Hulme S, Galea J, Patel HC, King AT. External ventricular drain infection: improved technique can reduce infection rates. Br J Neurosurg. 2011 Oct;25(5):632-5. doi: 10.3109/02688697.2011.578770. PubMed PMID: 21848440.
109: Mori K, Yamamoto T, Miyazaki M, Hara Y, Aiko Y, Koike N, Sakamoto S, Nakao Y, Esaki T. Effect of intrathecal magnesium sulfate solution injection via a microcatheter in the cisterna magna on cerebral vasospasm in the canine subarachnoid haemorrhage model. Br J Neurosurg. 2012 Feb;26(1):64-8. doi: 10.3109/02688697.2011.591948. Epub 2011 Jul 18. PubMed PMID: 21767131.
110: Kai Y, Ito K, Watanabe M, Morioka M, Yano S, Ohmori Y, Kawano T, Hamada J, Kuratsu J. Development of a kit to treat subarachnoid hemorrhage by intrathecal simple urokinase infusion (ITSUKI) therapy: preliminary results in patients with World Federation of Neurological Surgery (WFNS) grade V subarachnoid hemorrhage. World Neurosurg. 2011 Mar-Apr;75(3-4):485-90. doi: 10.1016/j.wneu.2010.07.020. PubMed PMID: 21600501.
111: Cope DK, Zhao Z. Interventional management for cancer pain. Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2011 Aug;15(4):237-43. doi: 10.1007/s11916-011-0206-2. Review. PubMed PMID: 21590518.
112: Laxmi S, Tunkel AR. Healthcare-associated bacterial meningitis. Curr Infect Dis Rep. 2011 Aug;13(4):367-73. doi: 10.1007/s11908-011-0190-z. PubMed PMID: 21526350.
113: Schapiro A, Racadio J, Kinnett D, Maugans T. Combined C-arm fluoroscopy and C-arm cone beam computed tomography for the evaluation of patients with possible intrathecal baclofen delivery system malfunctions. Neurosurgery. 2011 Sep;69(1 Suppl Operative):ons27-33; discussion ons33. doi: 10.1227/NEU.0b013e31821663a4. PubMed PMID: 21415786.
114: Farhat HI, Elhammady MS, Levi AD, Aziz-Sultan MA. Cervical subarachnoid catheter placement for continuous cerebrospinal fluid drainage: a safe and efficacious alternative to the classic lumbar cistern drain. Neurosurgery. 2011 Mar;68(1 Suppl Operative):52-6; discussion 56. doi: 10.1227/NEU.0b013e318207b20a. PubMed PMID: 21206317.
115: Peláez R, Pascual G, Aguilar JL, Atanassoff PG. Paravertebral cervical nerve block in a patient suffering from a Pancoast tumor. Pain Med. 2010 Dec;11(12):1799-802. doi: 10.1111/j.1526-4637.2010.00994.x. PubMed PMID: 21134120.
116: Zairi F, Le Rhun E, Tetard MC, Kotecki N, Assaker R. Complications related to the placement of an intraventricular chemotherapy device. J Neurooncol. 2011 Aug;104(1):247-52. doi: 10.1007/s11060-010-0474-4. Epub 2010 Nov 25. PubMed PMID: 21107993.
117: Hertle DN, Tilgner J, Fruh K, Keinert T, Hagenston AM, Unterberg AW, Aschoff A. Reversible occlusion (on-off) valves in shunted tumor patients. Neurosurg Rev. 2010 Apr;34(2):235-42. doi: 10.1007/s10143-010-0297-y. Epub 2010 Nov 25. PubMed PMID: 21107629.
118: Haranhalli N, Anand D, Wisoff JH, Harter DH, Weiner HL, Blate M, Roth J. Intrathecal baclofen therapy: complication avoidance and management. Childs Nerv Syst. 2011 Mar;27(3):421-7. doi: 10.1007/s00381-010-1277-9. Epub 2010 Sep 18. PubMed PMID: 20853002.
119: Sgouros S, Charalambides C, Matsota P, Tsangaris I, Kostopanagiotou G. Malfunction of SynchroMed II baclofen pump delivers a near-lethal baclofen overdose. Pediatr Neurosurg. 2010;46(1):62-5. doi: 10.1159/000315319. Epub 2010 Jun 1. PubMed PMID: 20516743.
120: Oyama H, Kito A, Maki H, Hattori K, Tanahashi K. Consciousness recovery induced by intrathecal baclofen administration after subarachnoid hemorrhage -two case reports-. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo). 2010;50(5):386-90. PubMed PMID: 20505293.
121: Hoederath P, Gautschi OP, Land M, Hildebrandt G, Fournier JY. Formation of two consecutive intrathecal catheter tip granulomas within nine months. Cent Eur Neurosurg. 2010 Feb;71(1):39-42. PubMed PMID: 20201126.
122: Park JH, Han JB, Kim SK, Park JH, Go DH, Sun B, Min BI. Spinal GABA receptors mediate the suppressive effect of electroacupuncture on cold allodynia in rats. Brain Res. 2010 Mar 31;1322:24-9. doi: 10.1016/j.brainres.2010.02.001. Epub 2010 Feb 6. PubMed PMID: 20138846.
123: Maugans TA. Intracranial migration of a fractured intrathecal catheter from a baclofen pump system: case report and analysis of possible causes. Neurosurgery. 2010 Feb;66(2):319-22. doi: 10.1227/01.NEU.0000363183.78323.D7. PubMed PMID: 20087131.
124: Huang WC, Kuo WC, Hsu SH, Cheng CH, Liu JC, Cheng H. Gait analysis of spinal cord injured rats after delivery of chondroitinase ABC and adult olfactory mucosa progenitor cell transplantation. Neurosci Lett. 2010 Mar 19;472(2):79-84. doi: 10.1016/j.neulet.2010.01.012. Epub 2010 Jan 15. PubMed PMID: 20079803.
125: Medel R, Pouratian N, Elias WJ. Catheter-tip mass mimicking a spinal epidural hematoma. J Neurosurg Spine. 2010 Jan;12(1):66-71. doi: 10.3171/2009.7.SPINE08888. PubMed PMID: 20043767.
126: Glick JA, Graham RS, Voils SA. Candida meningitis post Gliadel wafer placement successfully treated with intrathecal and intravenous amphotericin B. Ann Pharmacother. 2010 Jan;44(1):215-8. doi: 10.1345/aph.1M453. Epub 2009 Dec 22. PubMed PMID: 20028954.
127: Shooman D, Vajramani GV, Davidson J, Sparrow OC. Use of intrathecal urokinase in repeated shunt and external ventricular drain blockage from high CSF protein due to an optic pathway glioma. Childs Nerv Syst. 2010 May;26(5):607-11. doi: 10.1007/s00381-009-1064-7. Epub 2009 Dec 16. PubMed PMID: 20013278.
128: Boettger MK, Weber K, Gajda M, Bräuer R, Schaible HG. Spinally applied ketamine or morphine attenuate peripheral inflammation and hyperalgesia in acute and chronic phases of experimental arthritis. Brain Behav Immun. 2010 Mar;24(3):474-85. doi: 10.1016/j.bbi.2009.12.002. Epub 2009 Dec 16. PubMed PMID: 20006700.
129: Zacest AC, Carlson JD, Nemecek A, Burchiel KJ. Surgical management of spinal catheter granulomas: operative nuances and review of the surgical literature. Neurosurgery. 2009 Dec;65(6):1161-4; discussion 1164-5. doi: 10.1227/01.NEU.0000359223.11215.D9. Review. PubMed PMID: 19934976.
130: Nakaji P, Consiglieri GD, Garrett MP, Bambakidis NC, Shetter AG. Cranial migration of a baclofen pump catheter associated with subarachnoid hemorrhage: case report. Neurosurgery. 2009 Dec;65(6):E1212-3; discussion E1213. doi: 10.1227/01.NEU.0000359222.97354.84. PubMed PMID: 19934945.
131: Chen WF, Sung CS, Jean YH, Su TM, Wang HC, Ho JT, Huang SY, Lin CS, Wen ZH. Suppressive effects of intrathecal granulocyte colony-stimulating factor on excessive release of excitatory amino acids in the spinal cerebrospinal fluid of rats with cord ischemia: role of glutamate transporters. Neuroscience. 2010 Feb 17;165(4):1217-32. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.11.033. Epub 2009 Nov 22. PubMed PMID: 19932886.
132: Fjelstad AB, Hommelstad J, Sorteberg A. Infections related to intrathecal baclofen therapy in children and adults: frequency and risk factors. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 2009 Nov;4(5):487-93. doi: 10.3171/2009.6.PEDS0921. PubMed PMID: 19877786.
133: Giele JL, Nabers AF, Veening JG, van Egmond J, Vissers KC. The effect of a thoracic spinal block on fos expression in the lumbar spinal cord of the rat induced by a noxious electrical stimulus at the hindpaw. Anesth Analg. 2009 Nov;109(5):1659-65. doi: 10.1213/ANE.0b013e3181b5a1eb. PubMed PMID: 19843805.
134: Wait SD, Ponce FA, Killory BD, Wallace D, Rekate HL. Neuroleptic malignant syndrome from central nervous system insult: 4 cases and a novel treatment strategy. Clinical article. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 2009 Sep;4(3):217-21. doi: 10.3171/2009.4.PEDS08444. PubMed PMID: 19772404.
135: Abejón D, del Saz JM, Ley L, Sánchez MR, del Pozo C. [Spinal granuloma in a patient receiving a spinal infusion of morphine and clonidine]. Rev Esp Anestesiol Reanim. 2009 Jun-Jul;56(6):380-4. Spanish. PubMed PMID: 19725346.
136: Hänggi D, Eicker S, Beseoglu K, Behr J, Turowski B, Steiger HJ. A multimodal concept in patients after severe aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: results of a controlled single centre prospective randomized multimodal phase I/II trial on cerebral vasospasm. Cent Eur Neurosurg. 2009 May;70(2):61-7. doi: 10.1055/s-0028-1087214. Epub 2009 May 25. PubMed PMID: 19711257.
137: Sarikcioglu L, Demir N, Akar Y, Demirtop A. Effect of intrathecal FK506 administration on intraorbital optic nerve crush: an ultrastructural study. Can J Ophthalmol. 2009 Aug;44(4):427-30. doi: 10.3129/i09-071. PubMed PMID: 19606164.
138: Fabiano AJ, Doyle C, Plunkett RJ. Distal baclofen pump catheter migration associated with far-lateral paraspinal surgical placement. Neuromodulation. 2009 Apr;12(2):130-3. doi: 10.1111/j.1525-1403.2009.00207.x. PubMed PMID: 22151286.
139: Alonso E, Gilsanz F, Gredilla E, Martínez B, Canser E, Alsina E. Observational study of continuous spinal anesthesia with the catheter-over-needle technique for cesarean delivery. Int J Obstet Anesth. 2009 Apr;18(2):137-41. doi: 10.1016/j.ijoa.2008.11.001. Epub 2009 Feb 3. PubMed PMID: 19196507.
140: Reif-Gintl T, Ilias W. [Palliative therapy in bronchial carcinoma–implanted delivery system and ports]. Wien Med Wochenschr. 2008;158(23-24):729-34. doi: 10.1007/s10354-008-0625-9. German. PubMed PMID: 19165455.
141: Albright AL, Ferson SS. Intraventricular baclofen for dystonia: techniques and outcomes. Clinical article. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 2009 Jan;3(1):11-4. doi: 10.3171/2008.10.PEDS0847. PubMed PMID: 19119897.
142: O'Donnell BD, Iohom G. Regional anesthesia techniques for ambulatory orthopedic surgery. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol. 2008 Dec;21(6):723-8. Review. PubMed PMID: 19009687.
143: Horn EM, Theodore N, Assina R, Spetzler RF, Sonntag VK, Preul MC. The effects of intrathecal hypotension on tissue perfusion and pathophysiological outcome after acute spinal cord injury. Neurosurg Focus. 2008;25(5):E12. doi: 10.3171/FOC.2008.25.11.E12. PubMed PMID: 18980472.
144: De Cosmo G, Aceto P, Gualtieri E, Congedo E. Analgesia in thoracic surgery: review. Minerva Anestesiol. 2009 Jun;75(6):393-400. Epub 2008 Oct 27. Review. PubMed PMID: 18953284.
145: Jhas S, Tuli S. Intrathecal catheter-tip inflammatory masses: an intraparenchymal granuloma. J Neurosurg Spine. 2008 Aug;9(2):196-9. doi: 10.3171/SPI/2008/9/8/196. PubMed PMID: 18764754.
146: Hänggi D, Liersch J, Turowski B, Yong M, Steiger HJ. The effect of lumboventricular lavage and simultaneous low-frequency head-motion therapy after severe subarachnoid hemorrhage: results of a single center prospective Phase II trial. J Neurosurg. 2008 Jun;108(6):1192-9. doi: 10.3171/JNS/2008/108/6/1192. PubMed PMID: 18518727.
147: Clayton J, Vloeberghs M, Jaspan T, Walker D, MacArthur D, Grundy R. Intrathecal chemotherapy delivered by a lumbar-thecal catheter in metastatic medulloblastoma: a case illustration. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 2008 Jul;150(7):709-12. doi: 10.1007/s00701-008-1577-y. Epub 2008 Apr 11. PubMed PMID: 18401539.
148: Chen WF, Jean YH, Sung CS, Wu GJ, Huang SY, Ho JT, Su TM, Wen ZH. Intrathecally injected granulocyte colony-stimulating factor produced neuroprotective effects in spinal cord ischemia via the mitogen-activated protein kinase and Akt pathways. Neuroscience. 2008 Apr 22;153(1):31-43. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2008.01.062. Epub 2008 Feb 15. PubMed PMID: 18358629.
149: Flückiger B, Knecht H, Grossmann S, Felleiter P. Device-related complications of long-term intrathecal drug therapy via implanted pumps. Spinal Cord. 2008 Sep;46(9):639-43. doi: 10.1038/sc.2008.24. Epub 2008 Mar 11. PubMed PMID: 18332884.
150: Magill ST, Wang P, Eller JL, Burchiel KJ. Differentiating intrathecal catheter tip granulomas from normal magnetic resonance image distortion caused by metallic catheter tips. Neurosurgery. 2008 Jan;62(1):242-8; discussion 248. doi: 10.1227/01.NEU.0000311083.96389.FB. PubMed PMID: 18300913.
151: Ross DA, Narus MS, Nutt JG. Control of medically refractory restless legs syndrome with intrathecal morphine: case report. Neurosurgery. 2008 Jan;62(1):E263; discussion E263. doi: 10.1227/01.NEU.0000311089.04014.91. PubMed PMID: 18300885.
152: Rodríguez Guardado A, Blanco A, Asensi V, Pérez F, Rial JC, Pintado V, Bustillo E, Lantero M, Tenza E, Alvarez M, Maradona JA, Cartón JA. Multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter meningitis in neurosurgical patients with intraventricular catheters: assessment of different treatments. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2008 Apr;61(4):908-13. doi: 10.1093/jac/dkn018. Epub 2008 Feb 15. PubMed PMID: 18281693.
153: Dalton C, Keenan E, Stevenson V. A novel cause of intrathecal baclofen overdosage: lessons to be learnt. Clin Rehabil. 2008 Feb;22(2):188-90. doi: 10.1177/0269215507081962. PubMed PMID: 18212039.
154: Belverud S, Mogilner A, Schulder M. Intrathecal pumps. Neurotherapeutics. 2008 Jan;5(1):114-22. doi: 10.1016/j.nurt.2007.10.070. Review. PubMed PMID: 18164490; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC5084133.
155: Varelas PN, Rehman M, Pierce W, Wellwood J, Chua T, Revankar S. Vancomycin-resistant enterococcal meningitis treated with intrathecal streptomycin. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2008 Apr;110(4):376-80. Epub 2007 Dec 26. Review. PubMed PMID: 18162288.
156: Greenfield JP, Schwartz TH. Catheter placement for Ommaya reservoirs with frameless surgical navigation: technical note. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg. 2008;86(2):101-5. Epub 2007 Dec 12. PubMed PMID: 18073523.
157: Koulousakis A, Kuchta J, Bayarassou A, Sturm V. Intrathecal opioids for intractable pain syndromes. Acta Neurochir Suppl. 2007;97(Pt 1):43-8. Review. PubMed PMID: 17691355.
158: Albright AL, Thompson K, Carlos S, Minnigh MB. Cerebrospinal fluid baclofen concentrations in patients undergoing continuous intrathecal baclofen therapy. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2007 Jun;49(6):423-5. PubMed PMID: 17518926.
159: Parr AM, Tator CH. Intrathecal epidermal growth factor and fibroblast growth factor-2 exacerbate meningeal proliferative lesions associated with intrathecal catheters. Neurosurgery. 2007 May;60(5):926-33; discussion 926-33. PubMed PMID: 17460529.
160: Azeem SS, Origitano TC. Ventricular catheter placement with a frameless neuronavigational system: a 1-year experience. Neurosurgery. 2007 Apr;60(4 Suppl 2):243-7; discussion 247-8. PubMed PMID: 17415159.
161: El-Sayed GG. A new catheter technique for thoracic subarachnoid neurolysis in advanced lung cancer patients. Pain Pract. 2007 Mar;7(1):27-30. PubMed PMID: 17305675.
162: Miele VJ, Price K, Bloomfield S, Hogg J, Bailes J. Intrathecal morphine therapy related granulomas: two case reports. W V Med J. 2006 Sep-Oct;102(5):16-8. PubMed PMID: 17285949.
163: Vadera S, Harrop JS, Sharan AD. Intrathecal granuloma and intramedullary abscess associated with an intrathecal morphine pump. Neuromodulation. 2007 Jan;10(1):6-11. doi: 10.1111/j.1525-1403.2007.00081.x. PubMed PMID: 22151806.
164: McCall TD, MacDonald JD. Cervical catheter tip placement for intrathecal baclofen administration. Neurosurgery. 2006 Sep;59(3):634-40; discussion 634-40. PubMed PMID: 16955045.
165: Hsieh JC, Penn RD. Intrathecal baclofen in the treatment of adult spasticity. Neurosurg Focus. 2006 Aug 15;21(2):e5. Review. PubMed PMID: 16918226.
166: Albright AL, Ferson SS. Intrathecal baclofen therapy in children. Neurosurg Focus. 2006 Aug 15;21(2):e3. Review. PubMed PMID: 16918224.
167: Lehmberg J, Scheiwe C, Spreer J, van Velthoven V. Late bacterial granuloma at an intrathecal drug delivery catheter. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 2006 Aug;148(8):899-901; discussion 901. Epub 2006 Jun 23. PubMed PMID: 16791432.
168: Flynn BC, Nemergut EC. Postoperative nausea and vomiting and pain after transsphenoidal surgery: a review of 877 patients. Anesth Analg. 2006 Jul;103(1):162-7, table of contents. PubMed PMID: 16790646.
169: Albright AL, Turner M, Pattisapu JV. Best-practice surgical techniques for intrathecal baclofen therapy. J Neurosurg. 2006 Apr;104(4 Suppl):233-9. PubMed PMID: 16619633.
170: Vajramani GV, Jones G, Bayston R, Gray WP. Persistent and intractable ventriculitis due to retained ventricular catheters. Br J Neurosurg. 2005 Dec;19(6):496-501. PubMed PMID: 16574564.
171: Slavin KV. Intramedullary placement of intrathecal catheter. Report of a rare complication of intrathecal therapy. Neuromodulation. 2006 Apr;9(2):94-9. doi: 10.1111/j.1525-1403.2006.00048.x. PubMed PMID: 22151632.
172: Vender JR, Hester S, Waller JL, Rekito A, Lee MR. Identification and management of intrathecal baclofen pump complications: a comparison of pediatric and adult patients. J Neurosurg. 2006 Jan;104(1 Suppl):9-15. PubMed PMID: 16509474.
173: Wadhwa RK, Shaya MR, Nanda A. Spinal cord compression in a patient with a pain pump for failed back syndrome: a chalk-like precipitate mimicking a spinal cord neoplasm: case report. Neurosurgery. 2006 Feb;58(2):E387; discussion E387. PubMed PMID: 16462469.
174: Albright AL, Awaad Y, Muhonen M, Boydston WR, Gilmartin R, Krach LE, Turner M, Zidek KA, Wright E, Swift D, Bloom K. Performance and complications associated with the synchromed 10-ml infusion pump for intrathecal baclofen administration in children. J Neurosurg. 2004 Aug;101(1 Suppl):64-8. PubMed PMID: 16206974.
175: Liu JK, Walker ML. Posterior cervical approach for intrathecal baclofen pump insertion in children with previous spinal fusions. Technical note. J Neurosurg. 2005 Jan;102(1 Suppl):119-22. PubMed PMID: 16206746.
176: Milbouw G. An unusual sign of catheter migration: sciatica. Neuromodulation. 2005 Oct;8(4):233-5. doi: 10.1111/j.1525-1403.2005.00030.x. PubMed PMID: 22151550.
177: Miele VJ, Price KO, Bloomfield S, Hogg J, Bailes JE. A review of intrathecal morphine therapy related granulomas. Eur J Pain. 2006 Apr;10(3):251-61. Epub 2005 Jun 17. Review. PubMed PMID: 15964775.
178: Adolphs J, Schmitt TK, Schmidt DK, Mousa S, Welte M, Habazettl H, Schafer M. Evaluation of sympathetic blockade after intrathecal and epidural lidocaine in rats by laser Doppler perfusion imaging. Eur Surg Res. 2005 Jan-Feb;37(1):50-9. PubMed PMID: 15818042.
179: Lew SM, Psaty EL, Abbott R. An unusual cause of overdose after baclofen pump implantation: case report. Neurosurgery. 2005 Mar;56(3):E624; discussion E624. PubMed PMID: 15730591.
180: Albright AL, Ferson S, Carlos S. Occult hydrocephalus in children with cerebral palsy. Neurosurgery. 2005;56(1):93-6; discussion 96-7. PubMed PMID: 15617590.
181: Walter M, Rogalla P, Spies C, Kox WJ, Volk T. [Intrathecal misplacement of an interscalene plexus catheter]. Anaesthesist. 2005 Mar;54(3):215-9. German. PubMed PMID: 15599489.
182: Oda M, Kitagawa N, Yang BX, Totoki T, Morimoto M. Quantitative and fiber-selective evaluation of dose-dependent nerve blockade by intrathecal lidocaine in rats. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2005 Mar;312(3):1132-7. Epub 2004 Nov 30. PubMed PMID: 15572650.
183: Leiphart JW, Dills CV, Levy RM. Alpha2-adrenergic receptor subtype specificity of intrathecally administered tizanidine used for analgesia for neuropathic pain. J Neurosurg. 2004 Oct;101(4):641-7. PubMed PMID: 15481719.
184: Njee TB, Irthum B, Roussel P, Peragut JC. Intrathecal morphine infusion for chronic non-malignant pain: a multiple center retrospective survey. Neuromodulation. 2004 Oct;7(4):249-59. doi: 10.1111/j.1094-7159.2004.04210.x. PubMed PMID: 22151334.
185: Plassat R, Perrouin Verbe B, Menei P, Menegalli D, Mathé JF, Richard I. Treatment of spasticity with intrathecal Baclofen administration: long-term follow-up, review of 40 patients. Spinal Cord. 2004 Dec;42(12):686-93. PubMed PMID: 15303111.
186: Rogano LA, Greve JM, Teixeira MJ. Use of intrathecal morphine infusion for spasticity. Arq Neuropsiquiatr. 2004 Jun;62(2B):403-5. Epub 2004 Jul 20. PubMed PMID: 15273835.
187: Lew E, Yeo SW, Thomas E. Combined spinal-epidural anesthesia using epidural volume extension leads to faster motor recovery after elective cesarean delivery: a prospective, randomized, double-blind study. Anesth Analg. 2004 Mar;98(3):810-4, table of contents. PubMed PMID: 14980942.
188: Wu WP, Xu XJ, Hao JX. Chronic lumbar catheterization of the spinal subarachnoid space in mice. J Neurosci Methods. 2004 Feb 15;133(1-2):65-9. PubMed PMID: 14757346.
189: Goy RW, Sia AT. Sensorimotor anesthesia and hypotension after subarachnoid block: combined spinal-epidural versus single-shot spinal technique. Anesth Analg. 2004 Feb;98(2):491-6, table of contents. PubMed PMID: 14742393.
190: Hunter TB, Yoshino MT, Dzioba RB, Light RA, Berger WG. Medical devices of the head, neck, and spine. Radiographics. 2004 Jan-Feb;24(1):257-85. Review. Erratum in: Radiographics. 2004 Mar-Apr;24(2):418. PubMed PMID: 14730051.
191: Sorkin LS, Moore J, Boyle DL, Yang L, Firestein GS. Regulation of peripheral inflammation by spinal adenosine: role of somatic afferent fibers. Exp Neurol. 2003 Nov;184(1):162-8. PubMed PMID: 14637089.
192: Penn RD. Intrathecal medication delivery. Neurosurg Clin N Am. 2003 Jul;14(3):381-7. Review. PubMed PMID: 14567139.
193: Julius F, Madison-Michael L 2nd, Feler CA. Catheter tip granuloma associated with sacral region intrathecal drug administration. Neuromodulation. 2003 Oct;6(4):225-8. doi: 10.1046/j.1525-1403.2003.03028.x. PubMed PMID: 22151068.
194: Borene SC, Rosenquist RW, Koorn R, Haider N, Boezaart AP. An indication for continuous cervical paravertebral block (posterior approach to the interscalene space). Anesth Analg. 2003 Sep;97(3):898-900. Erratum in: Anesth Analg. 2004 Jan;98(1):256. PubMed PMID: 12933425.
195: Dawes WJ, Drake JM, Fehlings D. Microfracture of a baclofen pump catheter with intermittent under- and overdose. Pediatr Neurosurg. 2003 Sep;39(3):144-8. PubMed PMID: 12876394.
196: Deen HG, Pettit PD, Sevin BU, Wharen RE, Reimer R. Lumbar peritoneal shunting with video-laparoscopic assistance: a useful technique for the management of refractory postoperative lumbar CSF leaks. Surg Neurol. 2003 Jun;59(6):473-77; discussion 477-8. PubMed PMID: 12826346.
197: Aquilina K, Edwards RJ, Pople IK. Routine placement of a ventricular reservoir at endoscopic third ventriculostomy. Neurosurgery. 2003 Jul;53(1):91-6; discussion 96-7. PubMed PMID: 12823877.
198: Shah RV, Ericksen JJ, Lacerte M. Interventions in chronic pain management. 2. New frontiers: invasive nonsurgical interventions. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2003 Mar;84(3 Suppl 1):S39-44. Review. PubMed PMID: 12708557.
199: Portnoy D, Vadhera RB. Mechanisms and management of an incomplete epidural block for cesarean section. Anesthesiol Clin North Am. 2003 Mar;21(1):39-57. Review. PubMed PMID: 12698831.
200: Mizuno T, Hamada J, Kai Y, Todaka T, Morioka M, Ushio Y. Intrathecal urokinase infusion through a microcatheter into the cisterna magna to prevent cerebral vasospasm: experimental study in dogs. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2003 Apr;24(4):613-8. PubMed PMID: 12695190.
201: Albright AL, Gilmartin R, Swift D, Krach LE, Ivanhoe CB, McLaughlin JF. Long-term intrathecal baclofen therapy for severe spasticity of cerebral origin. J Neurosurg. 2003 Feb;98(2):291-5. PubMed PMID: 12593613.
202: Meier U. [Shunt operation versus endoscopic ventriculostomy in normal pressure hydrocephalus: diagnostics and outcome]. Zentralbl Neurochir. 2003;64(1):19-23. German. PubMed PMID: 12582942.
203: Dickerman RD, Stevens QE, Schneider SJ. The role of surgical placement and pump orientation in intrathecal pump system failure: a technical report. Pediatr Neurosurg. 2003 Feb;38(2):107-9. PubMed PMID: 12566846.
204: Lord SM, Bogduk N. Radiofrequency procedures in chronic pain. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol. 2002 Dec;16(4):597-617. Review. PubMed PMID: 12516894.
205: Gaus P, Eich C, Hildebrandt J. [Delayed occurrence of subdural malposition of epidural catheter]. Anaesthesist. 2002 Nov;51(11):918-21. German. PubMed PMID: 12434266.
206: Daoud Z, Collis RE, Ateleanu B, Mapleson WW. Evaluation of S1 motor block to determine a safe, reliable test dose for epidural analgesia. Br J Anaesth. 2002 Sep;89(3):442-5. PubMed PMID: 12402723.
207: Alden TD, Lytle RA, Park TS, Noetzel MJ, Ojemann JG. Intrathecal baclofen withdrawal: a case report and review of the literature. Childs Nerv Syst. 2002 Oct;18(9-10):522-5. Epub 2002 Jul 23. Review. PubMed PMID: 12382179.
208: Leiphart JW, Dills CV, Levy RM. The analgesic effects of intrathecally pumped saline and artificial cerebrospinal fluid in a rat model of neuropathic pain. Neuromodulation. 2002 Oct;5(4):214-20. doi: 10.1046/j.1525-1403.2002.02032.x. PubMed PMID: 22150849.
209: Ugboma S, Au-Truong X, Kranzler LI, Rifai SH, Joseph NJ, Salem MR. The breaking of an intrathecally-placed epidural catheter during extraction. Anesth Analg. 2002 Oct;95(4):1087-9, table of contents. PubMed PMID: 12351300.
210: Korenkov AI, Niendorf WR, Darwish N, Glaeser E, Gaab MR. Continuous intrathecal infusion of baclofen in patients with spasticity caused by spinal cord injuries. Neurosurg Rev. 2002 Aug;25(4):228-30. Epub 2002 Apr 13. PubMed PMID: 12172730.
211: Dickerman RD, Schneider SJ. Recurrent intrathecal baclofen pump catheter leakage: A surgical observation with recommendations. J Pediatr Surg. 2002 Jun;37(6):E17. PubMed PMID: 12037778.
212: Grabow TS, Dougherty PM. Gabapentin produces dose-dependent antinociception in the orofacial formalin test in the rat. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2002 May-Jun;27(3):277-83. PubMed PMID: 12016601.
213: Lordon SP. Interventional approach to cancer pain. Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2002 Jun;6(3):202-6. Review. PubMed PMID: 12003691.
214: Coffey RJ, Burchiel K. Inflammatory mass lesions associated with intrathecal drug infusion catheters: report and observations on 41 patients. Neurosurgery. 2002 Jan;50(1):78-86; discussion 86-7. PubMed PMID: 11844237.
215: Nolli M, Crispino M, Nicosia F, Borghi B, Montone N. Diagnosis and therapy of intrathecal bleeding. Minerva Anestesiol. 2001 Sep;67(9 Suppl 1):82-91. Review. PubMed PMID: 11778100.
216: Ordia JI, Fischer E, Adamski E, Chagnon KG, Spatz EL. Continuous intrathecal baclofen infusion by a programmable pump in 131 consecutive patients with severe spasticity of spinal origin. Neuromodulation. 2002 Jan;5(1):16-24. doi: 10.1046/j.1525-1403.2002._2004.x. PubMed PMID: 22151777.
217: Albright AL, Barry MJ, Shafton DH, Ferson SS. Intrathecal baclofen for generalized dystonia. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2001 Oct;43(10):652-7. PubMed PMID: 11665821.
218: Wang C, Sholas MG, Berde CB, DiCanzio J, Zurakowski D, Wilder RT. Evidence that spinal segmental nitric oxide mediates tachyphylaxis to peripheral local anesthetic nerve block. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2001 Sep;45(8):945-53. PubMed PMID: 11576044.
219: Dalbasti T, Karabiyikoglu M, Ozdamar N, Oktar N, Cagli S. Efficacy of controlled-release papaverine pellets in preventing symptomatic cerebral vasospasm. J Neurosurg. 2001 Jul;95(1):44-50. PubMed PMID: 11453397.
220: Ordia JI, Fischer E, Adamski E, Spatz EL. Dysesthesia perceived as painful spasticity: A report of 3 cases. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2001 May;82(5):697-9. PubMed PMID: 11346852.
221: Mathieu N, Hennart D. [Invasive techniques in chronic pain control]. Rev Med Brux. 2000 Sep;21(4):A219-23. Review. French. PubMed PMID: 11068470.
222: Danshaw CB. An anesthetic approach to amputation and pain syndromes. Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am. 2000 Aug;11(3):553-7. Review. PubMed PMID: 10989477.
223: Kojima A, Tator CH. Epidermal growth factor and fibroblast growth factor 2 cause proliferation of ependymal precursor cells in the adult rat spinal cord in vivo. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 2000 Aug;59(8):687-97. PubMed PMID: 10952059.
224: Rawal N, Holmström B, Crowhurst JA, Van Zundert A. The combined spinal-epidural technique. Anesthesiol Clin North Am. 2000 Jun;18(2):267-95. Review. PubMed PMID: 10935011.
225: Fernández-Guisasola J, García del Valle S, Gómez-Arnau JI. [Combined subarachnoid-epidural technique for obstetric analgesia]. Rev Esp Anestesiol Reanim. 2000 May;47(5):207-15. Review. Spanish. PubMed PMID: 10902451.
226: Al-Anazi A, Bernstein M. Modified stereotactic insertion of the Ommaya reservoir. Technical note. J Neurosurg. 2000 Jun;92(6):1050-2. PubMed PMID: 10839270.
227: Follett KA, Naumann CP. A prospective study of catheter-related complications of intrathecal drug delivery systems. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2000 Mar;19(3):209-15. PubMed PMID: 10760626.
228: Kroin JS, Schaefer RB, Penn RD. Chronic intrathecal administration of dexamethasone sodium phosphate: pharmacokinetics and neurotoxicity in an animal model. Neurosurgery. 2000 Jan;46(1):178-82; discussion 182-3. PubMed PMID: 10626948.
229: Ford SE, Hassenbusch SJ, Patt RB, Staats PS. A method for training physicians to implant intrathecal catheters. Neuromodulation. 1999 Nov;2(4):254-7. doi: 10.1046/j.1525-1403.1999.00254.x. PubMed PMID: 22151258.
230: Grabb PA, Guin-Renfroe S, Meythaler JM. Midthoracic catheter tip placement for intrathecal baclofen administration in children with quadriparetic spasticity. Neurosurgery. 1999 Oct;45(4):833-6; discussion 836-7. PubMed PMID: 10515478.
231: Langsam A. A case of spinal cord compression syndrome by a fibrotic mass presenting in a patient with an intrathecal pain management pump system. Pain. 1999 Oct;83(1):97-9. PubMed PMID: 10506677.
232: Thomas JE, Rosenwasser RH, Armonda RA, Harrop J, Mitchell W, Galaria I. Safety of intrathecal sodium nitroprusside for the treatment and prevention of refractory cerebral vasospasm and ischemia in humans. Stroke. 1999 Jul;30(7):1409-16. PubMed PMID: 10390315.
233: Sia S, Lepri A. Clonidine administered as an axillary block does not affect postoperative pain when given as the sole analgesic. Anesth Analg. 1999 May;88(5):1109-12. PubMed PMID: 10320179.
234: Paice JA, DuPen A, Schwertz D. Catheter port cleansing techniques and the entry of povidone-iodine into the epidural space. Oncol Nurs Forum. 1999 Apr;26(3):603-5. PubMed PMID: 10214601.
235: Nuttin B, Ivanhoe C, Albright L, Dimitrijevic M, Saltuari L. Intrathecal baclofen therapy for spasticity of cerebral origin: cerebral palsy and brain injury. Neuromodulation. 1999 Apr;2(2):120-32. doi: 10.1046/j.1525-1403.1999.00120.x. PubMed PMID: 22151115.
236: Ochs G, Naumann C, Dimitrijevic M, Sindou M. Intrathecal baclofen therapy for spinal origin spasticity: spinal cord injury, spinal cord disease, and multiple sclerosis. Neuromodulation. 1999 Apr;2(2):108-19. doi: 10.1046/j.1525-1403.1999.00108.x. PubMed PMID: 22151114.
237: Poblete B, Van Gessel EF, Gaggero G, Gamulin Z. Efficacy of three test doses to detect epidural catheter misplacement. Can J Anaesth. 1999 Jan;46(1):34-9. PubMed PMID: 10078400.
238: Langsam A. Spinal cord compression by catheter granulomas in high-dose intrathecal morphine therapy: case report. Neurosurgery. 1999 Mar;44(3):689-91. PubMed PMID: 10069613.
239: Wahlig JB, Welch WC, Kang JD, Jungreis CA. Cervical intrathecal catheter placement for cerebrospinal fluid drainage: technical case report. Neurosurgery. 1999 Feb;44(2):419-21. PubMed PMID: 9932901.
240: Lazorthes Y, Sallerin B, Verdié JC, Casaux J, Caraoué F, Sol JC. [Treatment of spasticity with the intrathecal administration of baclofen]. Neurochirurgie. 1998 Sep;44(3):201-8. French. PubMed PMID: 9827437.
241: Lavand'homme P, Pan HL, Eisenach JC. Intrathecal neostigmine, but not sympathectomy, relieves mechanical allodynia in a rat model of neuropathic pain. Anesthesiology. 1998 Aug;89(2):493-9. PubMed PMID: 9710409.
242: Cui JG, Meyerson BA, Sollevi A, Linderoth B. Effect of spinal cord stimulation on tactile hypersensitivity in mononeuropathic rats is potentiated by simultaneous GABA(B) and adenosine receptor activation. Neurosci Lett. 1998 May 15;247(2-3):183-6. PubMed PMID: 9655623.
243: Schuchard M, Lanning R, North R, Reig E, Krames E. Neurologic sequelae of intraspinal drug delivery systems: results of a survey of american implanters of implantable drug delivery systems. Neuromodulation. 1998 Jul;1(3):137-48. doi: 10.1111/j.1525-1403.1998.tb00007.x. PubMed PMID: 22150981.
244: Jamali S, Bodjarian N, Vigue B, Mazoit JX, Samii K, Tadie M. Increase in the chronically monitored cerebrospinal fluid pressure after experimental brain injury in rats. Brain Inj. 1998 Jun;12(6):525-36. PubMed PMID: 9638329.
245: Cabbell KL, Taren JA, Sagher O. Spinal cord compression by catheter granulomas in high-dose intrathecal morphine therapy: case report. Neurosurgery. 1998 May;42(5):1176-80; discussion 1180-1. Review. PubMed PMID: 9588567.
246: Eappen S, Kissin I. Effect of subarachnoid bupivacaine block on anesthetic requirements for thiopental in rats. Anesthesiology. 1998 Apr;88(4):1036-42. PubMed PMID: 9579513.
247: Tarkkila P, Tuominen M, Huhtala J, Lindgren L. Comparison of intrathecal morphine and continuous femoral 3-in-1 block for pain after major knee surgery under spinal anaesthesia. Eur J Anaesthesiol. 1998 Jan;15(1):6-9. PubMed PMID: 9522133.
248: Albright AL, Barry MJ, Painter MJ, Shultz B. Infusion of intrathecal baclofen for generalized dystonia in cerebral palsy. J Neurosurg. 1998 Jan;88(1):73-6. PubMed PMID: 9420075.
249: Hassenbusch SJ, Paice JA, Patt RB, Bedder MD, Bell GK. Clinical realities and economic considerations: economics of intrathecal therapy. J Pain Symptom Manage. 1997 Sep;14(3 Suppl):S36-48. Review. PubMed PMID: 9291709.
250: Bejjani GK, Karim NO, Tzortzidis F. Intrathecal granuloma after implantation of a morphine pump: case report and review of the literature. Surg Neurol. 1997 Sep;48(3):288-91. Review. PubMed PMID: 9290717.
251: Ikeda K, Asakura H, Futami K, Yamashita J. Coagulative and fibrinolytic activation in cerebrospinal fluid and plasma after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurosurgery. 1997 Aug;41(2):344-9; discussion 349-50. PubMed PMID: 9257301.
252: Talke P, Tong C, Lee HW, Caldwell J, Eisenach JC, Richardson CA. Effect of dexmedetomidine on lumbar cerebrospinal fluid pressure in humans. Anesth Analg. 1997 Aug;85(2):358-64. PubMed PMID: 9249114.
253: Becker R, Alberti O, Bauer BL. Continuous intrathecal baclofen infusion in severe spasticity after traumatic or hypoxic brain injury. J Neurol. 1997 Mar;244(3):160-6. PubMed PMID: 9050956.
254: Albright AL. Intrathecal baclofen in cerebral palsy movement disorders. J Child Neurol. 1996 Nov;11 Suppl 1:S29-35. Review. PubMed PMID: 8959459.
255: Ordia JI, Fischer E, Adamski E, Spatz EL. Chronic intrathecal delivery of baclofen by a programmable pump for the treatment of severe spasticity. J Neurosurg. 1996 Sep;85(3):452-7. PubMed PMID: 8751632.
256: Eberle RL, Norris MC. Labour analgesia. A risk-benefit analysis. Drug Saf. 1996 Apr;14(4):239-51. Review. PubMed PMID: 8713692.
257: Albright AL. Baclofen in the treatment of cerebral palsy. J Child Neurol. 1996 Mar;11(2):77-83. PubMed PMID: 8881981.
258: Paice JA, Penn RD, Shott S. Intraspinal morphine for chronic pain: a retrospective, multicenter study. J Pain Symptom Manage. 1996 Feb;11(2):71-80. PubMed PMID: 8907137.
259: Segal R, Murali S, Tipton K. Treatment of chronic unstable angina pectoris: use of a totally implantable programmable device for continuous intrathecal infusion of opiates: case report. Neurosurgery. 1996 Feb;38(2):385-8. PubMed PMID: 8869068.
260: Seiwald M, Alesch F, Kofler A. [Intraventricular morphine administration as a treatment possibility for patients with intractable pain]. Wien Klin Wochenschr. 1996;108(1):5-8. German. PubMed PMID: 8677660.
261: Azouvi P, Mane M, Thiebaut JB, Denys P, Remy-Neris O, Bussel B. Intrathecal baclofen administration for control of severe spinal spasticity: functional improvement and long-term follow-up. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1996 Jan;77(1):35-9. PubMed PMID: 8554471.
262: Ossipov MH, Lopez Y, Nichols ML, Bian D, Porreca F. The loss of antinociceptive efficacy of spinal morphine in rats with nerve ligation injury is prevented by reducing spinal afferent drive. Neurosci Lett. 1995 Oct 20;199(2):87-90. PubMed PMID: 8584250.
263: Sakura S, Bollen AW, Ciriales R, Drasner K. Local anesthetic neurotoxicity does not result from blockade of voltage-gated sodium channels. Anesth Analg. 1995 Aug;81(2):338-46. PubMed PMID: 7618726.
264: Penn RD, York MM, Paice JA. Catheter systems for intrathecal drug delivery. J Neurosurg. 1995 Aug;83(2):215-7. PubMed PMID: 7616263.
265: Becker WJ, Ablett DP, Harris CJ, Dold ON. Long term treatment of intractable reflex sympathetic dystrophy with intrathecal morphine. Can J Neurol Sci. 1995 May;22(2):153-9. PubMed PMID: 7627917.
266: Pratt K, Toombs JP, Widmer WR, Borgens RB. Plasma and cerebrospinal fluid concentrations of 4-aminopyridine following intravenous injection and metered intrathecal delivery in canines. J Neurotrauma. 1995 Feb;12(1):23-39. PubMed PMID: 7783231.
267: Bloomfield S, Hogg J, Ortiz O, Gross R. Analysis of breakthrough pain in 50 patients treated with intrathecal morphine infusion therapy. Development of tolerance or infusion system malfunction. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg. 1995;65(1-4):142-6. PubMed PMID: 8916344.
268: Sasaki T, Ohta T, Kikuchi H, Takakura K, Usui M, Ohnishi H, Kondo A, Tanabe H, Nakamura J, Yamada K, et al. A phase II clinical trial of recombinant human tissue-type plasminogen activator against cerebral vasospasm after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurosurgery. 1994 Oct;35(4):597-604; discussion 604-5. PubMed PMID: 7808602.
269: Beers RA, Kane PB, Nsouli I, Krauss D. Does a mid-lumbar block level provide adequate anaesthesia for transurethral prostatectomy? Can J Anaesth. 1994 Sep;41(9):807-12. PubMed PMID: 7954998.
270: Sauter K, Kaufman HH, Bloomfield SM, Cline S, Banks D. Treatment of high-dose intrathecal morphine overdose. Case report. J Neurosurg. 1994 Jul;81(1):143-6. Erratum in: J Neurosurg 1994 Nov;81(5):813. PubMed PMID: 8207519.
271: Hall WA, Myklebust A, Godal A, Nesland JM, Fodstad O. In vivo efficacy of intrathecal transferrin-Pseudomonas exotoxin A immunotoxin against LOX melanoma. Neurosurgery. 1994 Apr;34(4):649-55; discussion 655-6. PubMed PMID: 8008162.
272: Conçalves J, García-March G, Sánchez-Ledesma MJ, Onzaín I, Broseta J. Management of intractable spasticity of supraspinal origin by chronic cervical intrathecal infusion of baclofen. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg. 1994;62(1-4):108-12. PubMed PMID: 7631054.
273: Chung WY, Lee LS. The effect of tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) on cerebral vasospasm in canine subarachnoid hemorrhage. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi (Taipei). 1993 Nov;52(5):298-306. PubMed PMID: 8299025.
274: Kroin JS, Bianchi GD, Penn RD. Intrathecal baclofen down-regulates GABAB receptors in the rat substantia gelatinosa. J Neurosurg. 1993 Oct;79(4):544-9. PubMed PMID: 8410224.
275: Hariton GB, Findlay JM, Weir BK, Kasuya H, Grace MG, Mielke BW. Comparison of intrathecal administration of urokinase and tissue plasminogen activator on subarachnoid clot and chronic vasospasm in a primate model. Neurosurgery. 1993 Oct;33(4):691-6; discussion 696-7. PubMed PMID: 8232810.
276: Kroin JS, Ali A, York M, Penn RD. The distribution of medication along the spinal canal after chronic intrathecal administration. Neurosurgery. 1993 Aug;33(2):226-30; discussion 230. PubMed PMID: 7690122.
277: Hugenholtz H, Nelson RF, Dehoux E. Intrathecal baclofen–the importance of catheter position. Can J Neurol Sci. 1993 May;20(2):165-7. PubMed PMID: 8334582.
278: Mizoi K, Yoshimoto T, Takahashi A, Fujiwara S, Koshu K, Sugawara T. Prospective study on the prevention of cerebral vasospasm by intrathecal fibrinolytic therapy with tissue-type plasminogen activator. J Neurosurg. 1993 Mar;78(3):430-7. PubMed PMID: 8433145.
279: Sasaki T, Ohta T, Kikuch H, Takakura K, Usui M, Kondoh A, Tanabe H, Nakamura J, Yamada K. [Preliminary clinical trial of intrathecal rt-PA (TD-2061) for the prevention of cerebral vasospasm in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage]. No To Shinkei. 1992 Nov;44(11):1001-8. Japanese. PubMed PMID: 1296711.
280: Camarata PJ, Dunn DL, Farney AC, Parker RG, Seljeskog EL. Continual intracavitary administration of amphotericin B as an adjunct in the treatment of aspergillus brain abscess: case report and review of the literature. Neurosurgery. 1992 Sep;31(3):575-9. Review. PubMed PMID: 1407438.
281: Penn RD. Intrathecal baclofen for spasticity of spinal origin: seven years of experience. J Neurosurg. 1992 Aug;77(2):236-40. PubMed PMID: 1625011.
282: Sugawara A, Ebina K, Hirano T, Ohi H, Yoshimura S, Akabane M. [Multiple aspergillus brain abscess complicated with systemic lupus erythematosus–case report]. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo). 1991 Dec;31(13):986-90. Japanese. PubMed PMID: 1726266.
283: Macdonald RL, Weir BK, Runzer TD, Grace MG, Findlay JM, Saito K, Cook DA, Mielke BW, Kanamaru K. Etiology of cerebral vasospasm in primates. J Neurosurg. 1991 Sep;75(3):415-24. PubMed PMID: 1869943.
284: Hassenbusch SJ, Stanton-Hicks MD, Soukup J, Covington EC, Boland MB. Sufentanil citrate and morphine/bupivacaine as alternative agents in chronic epidural infusions for intractable non-cancer pain. Neurosurgery. 1991 Jul;29(1):76-81; discussion 81-2. PubMed PMID: 1831248.
285: Mizoi K, Yoshimoto T, Fujiwara S, Sugawara T, Takahashi A, Koshu K. Prevention of vasospasm by clot removal and intrathecal bolus injection of tissue-type plasminogen activator: preliminary report. Neurosurgery. 1991 Jun;28(6):807-12; discussion 812-3. PubMed PMID: 1906142.
286: Tobias JD, Oakes L, Foreman NK, Mahmoud H. Percutaneous lumbar intrathecal catheter for the administration of chemotherapy. Med Pediatr Oncol. 1991;19(4):301-3. PubMed PMID: 2056974.
287: Gonzàlez-Darder JM, Gómez-Cárdenas E, Guerrero M, Segura-Pastor D, Gil-Salú JL. Intrathecal antiepileptic drugs in experimental epilepsy. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg. 1991;57(3):147-55. PubMed PMID: 1819135.
288: Hassenbusch SJ, Pillay PK, Magdinec M, Currie K, Bay JW, Covington EC, Tomaszewski MZ. Constant infusion of morphine for intractable cancer pain using an implanted pump. J Neurosurg. 1990 Sep;73(3):405-9. PubMed PMID: 2384779.
289: Hersh EV, Condouris GA, Havelin D. Actions of intrathecal chloroprocaine and sodium bisulfite on rat spinal reflex function utilizing a noninvasive technique. Anesthesiology. 1990 Jun;72(6):1077-82. PubMed PMID: 2350022.
290: Penn RD, Savoy SM, Corcos D, Latash M, Gottlieb G, Parke B, Kroin JS. Intrathecal baclofen for severe spinal spasticity. N Engl J Med. 1989 Jun 8;320(23):1517-21. PubMed PMID: 2657424.
291: Ferrer-Brechner T. Anesthetic techniques for the management of cancer pain. Cancer. 1989 Jun 1;63(11 Suppl):2343-7. Review. PubMed PMID: 2566372.
292: Broseta J, Morales F, García-March G, Sánchez-Ledesma MJ, Anaya J, Gonzalez-Darder J, Barberá J. Use of intrathecal baclofen administered by programmable infusion pumps in resistent spasticity. Acta Neurochir Suppl (Wien). 1989;46:39-45. PubMed PMID: 2773686.
293: Findlay JM, Weir BK, Steinke D, Tanabe T, Gordon P, Grace M. Effect of intrathecal thrombolytic therapy on subarachnoid clot and chronic vasospasm in a primate model of SAH. J Neurosurg. 1988 Nov;69(5):723-35. PubMed PMID: 3141595.
294: Lewis PJ, Weir BK, Nosko MG, Tanabe T, Grace MG. Intrathecal nimodipine therapy in a primate model of chronic cerebral vasospasm. Neurosurgery. 1988 Mar;22(3):492-500. PubMed PMID: 3362315.
295: Böhme K. [Concept in the treatment of pain in patients with cancers]. Urologe A. 1988 Mar;27(2):70-6. Review. German. PubMed PMID: 2897736.
296: Cridland RA, Henry JL. Intrathecal administration of substance P in the rat: spinal transection or morphine blocks the behavioural responses but not the facilitation of the tail flick reflex. Neurosci Lett. 1988 Jan 22;84(2):203-8. PubMed PMID: 2448708.
297: Zierski J, Müller H, Dralle D, Wurdinger T. Implanted pump systems for treatment of spasticity. Acta Neurochir Suppl (Wien). 1988;43:94-9. PubMed PMID: 3213666.
298: Brazenor GA. Long term intrathecal administration of morphine: a comparison of bolus injection via reservoir with continuous infusion by implanted pump. Neurosurgery. 1987 Oct;21(4):484-91. PubMed PMID: 3683781.
299: Suter C, Coote JH. Intrathecally administered angiotensin II increases sympathetic activity in the rat. J Auton Nerv Syst. 1987 Apr;19(1):31-7. PubMed PMID: 2885358.
300: Tomaszek DE, Powers SK. Treatment of cerebrospinal fluid and syringosubarachnoid shunt infection with systemic and intrathecal antibiotics. Neurosurgery. 1985 Aug;17(2):327-8. PubMed PMID: 3839910.
301: Dyck P. Lumbar reservoir for intrathecal chemotherapy. Cancer. 1985 Jun 15;55(12):2771-3. PubMed PMID: 3838918.
302: Akerman SB. A methodological study of spinal (subarachnoid) anaesthesia in the rat and the mouse. Br J Anaesth. 1985 Mar;57(3):329-32. PubMed PMID: 3978015.
303: Schilling K. [Pain therapy in the recurrence of colorectal cancer]. Zentralbl Chir. 1985;110(2-3):177-85. German. PubMed PMID: 3856978.
304: Wang JK. Intrathecal morphine for intractable pain secondary to cancer of pelvic organs. Pain. 1985 Jan;21(1):99-102. PubMed PMID: 3838582.
305: Ray CD, Bagley R. Indwelling epidural morphine for control of post-lumbar spinal surgery pain. Neurosurgery. 1983 Oct;13(4):388-93. PubMed PMID: 6633831.
306: Batier C, Qui C, Blanchet P, Millet A, Escuret E, Roquefeuil B. [Iatrogenic infection of neurosurgical implanted equipment (epidural, intrathecal, intracerebroventricular catheters). Evaluation of 3 years of use]. Agressologie. 1983 Apr;24(4):173-4. French. PubMed PMID: 6638290.
307: Liguori G, Salvatore M, Ambrosio A, Palmieri A, Maggi G, Palermo G. Intrathecal radioisotopes and phlebography in investigation of ventriculo-atrial shunts in children. J Neurosurg Sci. 1975 Oct-Dec;19(4):248-56. PubMed PMID: 1243917.