GLP-1 Receptor Agonists

Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs) are a class of drugs used in the management of:

• Type 2 diabetes mellitus
• Obesity and overweight
• Cardiovascular risk reduction

They mimic the action of the GLP-1 hormone, enhancing glucose-dependent insulin secretion and reducing appetite.

• Stimulates insulin secretion (glucose-dependent)
• Inhibits glucagon release
• Slows gastric emptying
• Promotes satiety via CNS pathways

• Tirzepatide is a dual GLP-1/GIP receptor agonist.

• Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM)
  • Reduces HbA1c with low hypoglycemia risk
• Obesity and overweight (with or without T2DM)
  • Significant weight loss, especially with semaglutide and tirzepatide
• Cardiovascular risk reduction
  • CV benefit shown with liraglutide, dulaglutide, and semaglutide in high-risk patients

• Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, constipation
• Gallbladder disease
• Pancreatitis (rare but serious)
• Injection site reactions

• Personal/family history of medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC)
• MEN type 2 syndrome
• History of pancreatitis (use with caution)

• Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH)
• Cognitive and neurodegenerative disease modulation
• Multi-agonist therapies (dual/triple incretin agonists)

GLP-1 Receptor Agonists in Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension.