Distortion refers to any systematic alteration, misrepresentation, or deviation from accurate or truthful representation of data, structure, signal, or interpretation in a scientific context.
Types of Distortion
Data distortion: Manipulation or misrepresentation of datasets (e.g. selective reporting, cherry-picking).
Interpretative distortion: Drawing conclusions not supported by the data; overgeneralization.
Methodological distortion: Applying a method inappropriately, leading to skewed or invalid results.
Imaging distortion: Artifacts or spatial inaccuracies introduced by equipment or reconstruction algorithms (e.g. in MRI or CT).
Statistical distortion: Misuse of statistical methods that bias outcomes (e.g. improper p-value interpretation).
Consequences
Misleading readers, clinicians, or policymakers.
Undermining reproducibility and scientific integrity.