• Clinical Presentation: Seizures, headaches, focal neurological deficits, cognitive decline.
  • Imaging:
    • MRI with contrast (gold standard).
    • Advanced techniques: perfusion, spectroscopy, DTI, fMRI.
  • Histopathology:
    • Stereotactic biopsy or resection sample.
  • Molecular Classification (WHO 2021):
    • IDH mutation status (IDH-mutant vs. IDH-wildtype).
    • 1p/19q codeletion (for oligodendrogliomas).
    • ATRX, TP53, MGMT methylation, EGFR amplification, TERT promoter mutation.