Contribution: A contribution is a specific input, action, or resource provided by an individual or group that adds value to a project, study, procedure, or organization.

In clinical research and neurosurgery, contributions may be:

• Intellectual – e.g., hypothesis generation, study design, data interpretation
• Practical – e.g., surgical intervention, patient recruitment, imaging acquisition
• Financial – e.g., funding, equipment, software licenses

• Designing a clinical trial protocol
• Performing tumor resection surgery
• Providing intraoperative imaging datasets
• Statistical analysis and data visualization
• Writing and revising a manuscript