Common etiologies of CSF rhinorrhea include trauma, neoplasms, and prior surgery, while CSF otorrhea is usually associated with craniocerebral trauma, neurosurgical procedures, or other conditions; however, both conditions may occur spontaneously 1).
Nontraumatic cerebrospinal fluid fistula
Traumatic cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea
Sphenoid lateral recess Cerebrospinal fluid fistula
Through cribiform plate
Endoscopic CSF fistula closure is a safe and effective operation. All sites of leak can be accessed endoscopically 2).
Macroprolactinomas (MPRLs) may result in nonsurgical (spontaneous or dopamine agonist induced) cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) rhinorrhea; however, the incidence of and mechanisms underlying this phenomenon are poorly understood 3).