Endarterectomy was first performed on a superficial femoral artery in 1946 by the Portuguese surgeon João Cid dos Santos at the University of Lisbon. In 1951, E. J. Wylie, an American, performed it on the abdominal aorta. The first successful reconstruction of the carotid artery was performed by Carrea, Molins, and Murphy in Argentina, later in the same year.
The PLIF procedure was first described in 1944 by Briggs and Milligan 1) who used laminectomy bone chips in the disc space as interbody graft. In 1946, Jaslow 2) modified the technique by positioning an excised portion of the spinous process within the intervertebral space. It was not until 1953 when Cloward 3) described his technique, which used impacted blocks of iliac crest autograft that the popularity of PLIF surgery increased. Although technically more difficult than posterolateral fusion techniques (i.e., intertransverse fusion in which bone graft spans between the transverse processes), the PLIF procedure was found to have the advantage of substantially increased fusion rates, often in excess of 85%. Despite the increased fusion rate, this technique was fraught with complications related to blood loss, dural/neural injury, graft extrusion, and arachnoiditis 4).
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4: SHAY H, KOMAROV SA, GRUENSTEIN M. Studies on the effects of vagotomy in rats. Fed Proc. 1947;6(1 Pt 2):199. PubMed PMID: 20342857.
5: PERKINS JF Jr, LI MC. A sudden fall in the skin temperature of enervated or sympathectomized paws exposed to cold. Fed Proc. 1947;6(1 Pt 2):178. PubMed PMID: 20342810.
6: HARKINS HN, ELLIOTT SR 2nd. The influence of vagotomy on ulceration of the gastric rumen of rats following pyloric ligation. Fed Proc. 1947;6(1 Pt 2):123. PubMed PMID: 20342684.
7: ROTH RR. Lumbar sympathectomy in the treatment of peripheral vascular diseases with case report of results in Buerger's disease. Miss Doct. 1947 Jan;24(8):218-22. PubMed PMID: 20291568.
8: McNICKLE HF. The surgical treatment of hydrocephalus; a simple method of performing third ventriculostomy. Br J Surg. 1947 Jan;34(135):302-7. PubMed PMID: 20289122.
9: TITRUD LA. A successful autogenous graft for radial nerve paralysis; case report. J Neurosurg. 1947 Jan;4(1):92-5. PubMed PMID: 20287668.
10: NORCROSS NC, BAKODY JT. Observations on the use of tantalum foil in peripheral nerve surgery. J Neurosurg. 1947 Jan;4(1):69-71. PubMed PMID: 20287664.
11: DREW JH, KOOP CE, GRIGGER RP. A nutritional study of neurosurgical patients; with special reference to nitrogen balance and convalescence in the postoperative period. J Neurosurg. 1947 Jan;4(1):7-15. PubMed PMID: 20287660.
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25: WALKER AE, HOPPLE TL. Surgical treatment of motor and sensory disturbances. Prog Neurol Psychiatry. 1947;2:342-7. PubMed PMID: 20261859.
26: PILCHER C, MEACHAM WF. Surgical infections of the brain and its coverings. Prog Neurol Psychiatry. 1947;2:318-26. PubMed PMID: 20261857.
27: SCOTT M. Surgery of the spinal cord. Prog Neurol Psychiatry. 1947;2:289-307. PubMed PMID: 20261855.
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33: PIAGET J, INHELDER B. Diagnosis of mental operations and theory of the intelligence. Am J Ment Defic. 1947 Jan;51(3):401-6. PubMed PMID: 20248911.
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37: STAVRAKY GW, DRAKE CG. An extension of the law of denervation to afferent neurones. Fed Proc. 1947;6(1 Pt 2):211. PubMed PMID: 20244263.
38: OLIVER AG, KELLER AD. The immediate effects of varying degrees of hypophysectomy in the previously pancreatized dog. Fed Proc. 1947;6(1 Pt 2):172. PubMed PMID: 20244224.
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40: REITMAN F. The creative spell of schizophrenics after leucotomy. J Ment Sci. 1947 Jan;93(390):55-61. PubMed PMID: 20239755.
41: HUTTON EL. Personality changes after leucotomy. J Ment Sci. 1947 Jan;93(390):31-42. PubMed PMID: 20239753.
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43: GERKE PJ. [The cutting through of milk teeth following denervation]. Stomatologiia (Mosk). 1947;3(1):8-13. Undetermined Language. PubMed PMID: 18920821.
44: ROGERS L. Neurosurgery in the Royal Navy; an outline of the development and work of the Naval Neurosurgical Unit. Br J Surg. 1947;55(Suppl 1):90-5. PubMed PMID: 18918454.
45: GILLINGHAM FJ. Neurosurgical experiences in Northern Italy. Br J Surg. 1947;55(Suppl 1):80-7. PubMed PMID: 18918452.
46: CAIRNS H. Neurosurgery in the British Army, 1939-1945. Br J Surg. 1947;55(Suppl 1):9-26. PubMed PMID: 18918448.
47: WILKINS RW, CULBERTSON JW. The effects of surgical sympathectomy upon certain vasopressor responses in hypertensive patients. Trans Assoc Am Physicians. 1947;60(1 vol):195-207. PubMed PMID: 18917260.
48: MACHELLA TE, HODGES HH, LORBER SH. The pharmacologic restoration of gastric motility and the promotion of evacuation of the stomach after section of the vagus nerves for peptic ulcer. Proc Am Fed Clin Res. 1947;3:67. PubMed PMID: 18909339.
49: WOLF S, ANDRUS WD. The effect of vagotomy on gastric function as determined in a fistulous human subject. Proc Am Fed Clin Res. 1947;3:66. PubMed PMID: 18909338.
50: BIRCHALL R, TAYLOR RD, et al. Clinical studies of the pharmacological effects of tetraethyl ammonium chloride in hypertensive persons made in an attempt to select patients suitable for lumbodorsal sympathectomy and ganglionectomy. Proc Am Fed Clin Res. 1947;3(1 Vol):21. PubMed PMID: 18908364.
51: TALBOT G. Alternative operations to corneo-scleral trephining in treatment of glaucoma. Trans Ophthalmol Soc N Z. 1947;1 conf:37. PubMed PMID: 18896810.
52: BERTOCCHI A. [Not Available]. P V Expo Discuss Congr Soc Int Chir. 1947-1948;12 Congr. (1 vol.):816. Undetermined Language. PubMed PMID: 18107265.
53: GARDNER CE Jr, HART D. The surgical treatment of peptic ulcer; a comparison of the results of gastro-enterostomy, gastric resection and vagotomy at the Duke Hospital. Trans South Surg Assoc. 1947-1948;59 (1 vol.):359-69. PubMed PMID: 18105759.
54: YEAGER GH, COWLEY RA. Anatomical observations on the lumbar sympathetics with evaluation of sympathectomies in organic peripheral vascular disease. Trans South Surg Assoc. 1947-1948;59 (1 vol.):214-28. PubMed PMID: 18105751.
55: CALVERT CA. Development of neurosurgery. Lancet. 1946 Dec 21;2(6434):918. PubMed PMID: 20277600.
56: WEEKS C, RYAN BJ, VAN HOY JM. Two deaths associated with supradiaphragmatic vagotomy. J Am Med Assoc. 1946 Dec 21;132(16):988-90. PubMed PMID: 20276487.
57: BOYD AM. Observations on vascular injuries; with special reference to the value of sympathectomy in ligation of main vessels. Br Med J. 1946 Dec 14;2(4484):895. PubMed PMID: 20278496; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2055058.
58: ROTH RB. Treatment of urinary tract obstruction due to sulfonamide crystals with special reference to lumbar sympathetic block. Urol Cutaneous Rev. 1946 Dec;50(12):705-8. PubMed PMID: 20290734.
59: CRAFTS RC. Effects of hypophysectomy, castration, and testosterone propionate on hemopoiesis in the adult male rat. Endocrinology. 1946 Dec;39(6):401-13. PubMed PMID: 20282551.
60: ROTHCHILD I. The effect of hypophysectomy on calcification of the shell of the hen's egg and on the rapidity of onset of rigor mortis. Anat Rec. 1946 Dec;96(4):574. PubMed PMID: 20282317.
61: RUFFIN JM, GRIMSON KS, SMITH RC. The effect of transthoracic vagotomy upon the clinical course of patients with peptic ulcer. Gastroenterology. 1946 Dec;7(6):599-606; discussion 615-24. PubMed PMID: 20278305.
62: McCANN EK. Pre-frontal lobotomy. Can Nurse. 1946 Dec;42:1023-7. PubMed PMID: 20277942.
63: WHITE PD. The reversibility of hypertensive heart disease by lumbodorsal sympathectomy. Wis Med J. 1946 Dec;45(12):1135-9. PubMed PMID: 20277847.
64: AYCOCK TB, HENDRICK JW. Sympathectomy for certain forms of peripheral vascular disease. Tex State J Med. 1946 Dec;42(8):468-74. PubMed PMID: 20276710.
65: SPURLING RG. Neurosurgery in World War II. Bull U S Army Med Dep. 1946 Dec;6(6):691-5. PubMed PMID: 20275039.
66: EVANS JA. Sympathectomy for reflex sympathetic dystrophy; report of twenty-nine cases. J Am Med Assoc. 1946 Nov 16;132(11):620-3. PubMed PMID: 21001604.
67: DUFF DG. Leucotomy technique. Lancet. 1946 Nov 2;2(6427):639. PubMed PMID: 21002489.
68: HINTON JW, LORD JW Jr. Operative technique of thoracolumbar sympathectomy. Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1946 Nov;83(5):643-6. PubMed PMID: 21003238.
69: TARLOV IM, HOFFMAN W, HAYNER JC. Source of nerve autografts in clinical surgery; technic for their suture. Am J Surg. 1946 Nov;72(5):700-10. PubMed PMID: 21003129.
70: LIPPMAN RW. Reconditioning the neurosurgical patient. Dis Nerv Syst. 1946 Nov;7(11):325-9. PubMed PMID: 21002000.
71: KIDD GE. Trepanation among the early Indians of British Columbia. Can Med Assoc J. 1946 Nov;55(5):513-6. PubMed PMID: 21001561; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC1583131.
72: McKENZIE KG, PROCTOR LD. Bilateral frontal lobe leucotomy in the treatment of mental disease. Can Med Assoc J. 1946 Nov;55(5):433-41. PubMed PMID: 21001542.
73: CUMMER CL. Trophic ulcers following nerve resection. Arch Derm Syphilol. 1946 Nov;54:635. PubMed PMID: 21001316.
74: RUFFIN JM, SMITH RC. The treatment of peptic ulcer with special reference to vagotomy. Am Pract Dig Treat. 1946 Nov;1(3):118-20. PubMed PMID: 20286835.
75: WICKS WR, LIVINGSTONE HM. The anesthetic of transthoracic vagotomy. Curr Res Anesth Analg. 1946 Nov-Dec;25(6):250-5. PubMed PMID: 20286274.
76: McCARTHY HH, McGUIRE LD, et al. Sympathetic nerve block and deep venous interruption in phlebothrombosis. Bull Creighton Univ. 1946 Nov;3(7):90-2. PubMed PMID: 20283869.
77: CALVERT CA. The development of neuro-surgery. Ulster Med J. 1946 Nov;15(2):123-40. PubMed PMID: 20282920; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2479308.
78: LATHROP FD. Facial nerve surgery in the European Theater of Operations. Laryngoscope. 1946 Nov;56(11):665-76. PubMed PMID: 20282100.
79: DILLON EL. Physical therapy in the treatment of neurosurgical conditions; with special reference to new electrodiagnostic measures. Physiotherap Rev. 1946 Nov-Dec;26(6):309-15. PubMed PMID: 20280546.
80: WATTS JW, FREEMAN W. Psychosurgery for the relief of unbearable pain. J Int Coll Surg. 1946 Nov-Dec;9(6):679-83. PubMed PMID: 20279426.
81: TRUPP M. A new method for the control of hemorrhage in cerebral surgery. J Neurosurg. 1946 Nov;3(6):548. PubMed PMID: 20279151.
82: CHAREST F. [Not Available]. Union Med Can. 1946 Nov;75(11):1563-6. Undetermined Language. PubMed PMID: 20278984.
83: McCANN JC. Physiology of traumatic reflexes and respiration during surgical anesthesia, observations made under pentothal and local nerve block. Calif Med. 1946 Nov;65(5):212-7. PubMed PMID: 20276409.
84: LIEBERMAN SL. Nerve destruction following extravascular injection of pentothal sodium. Anesthesiology. 1946 Nov;7(6):676. PubMed PMID: 20276023.
85: FITZPATRICK LJ, HIGDON AL. Stellate ganglion block; a simplified technic. Anesthesiology. 1946 Nov;7(6):671-5. PubMed PMID: 20276022.
86: SCHONFELD WA. Apparatus for producing interrupted galvanic current for the treatment of denervated muscles. Bull U S Army Med Dep. 1946 Nov;6(5):625-7. PubMed PMID: 20275035.
87: HIRZEL LF. [Not Available]. Villaclara Med. 1946 Nov-Dec;14(6):263. Undetermined Language. PubMed PMID: 20250816.
88: ABBOTT WD, COLEMAN FC. The use of gelatin sponge in neurosurgery. J Am Med Assoc. 1946 Oct 12;132:329. PubMed PMID: 20997218.
89: SANTOS C. Radiosurgery; foreign bodies in the neck removed under fluoroscopic control. Surg Clin North Am. 1946 Oct;26:1283-91. PubMed PMID: 21003229.
90: ADAMS AO. Neurectomy to produce atrophy of the amputation stump. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1946 Oct;28(4):716-20. PubMed PMID: 21003180.
91: MOSENTHAL HO, HINTON JW, et al. Opthalmoscopic changes associated with essential hypertension as a guide to sympathectomy [discussion of a paper by M. Cohen not yet published]. Arch Ophthal. 1946 Oct;36(4):521-8. PubMed PMID: 21002037.
92: EDDY JP 3rd. Experiences with sympathectomy. R I Med J. 1946 Oct;29(10):747-50. PubMed PMID: 21001874.
93: MURRAY PF. Anaesthesia in neurosurgery. Ir J Med Sci. 1946 Oct;(250):680-3. PubMed PMID: 21001578.
94: YESIPOVA IK. Histology of a nerve graft four months after operation. Am Rev Sov Med. 1946 Oct;4(1):37-9. PubMed PMID: 21001480.
95: SMITH JW. Recurrent detachment of the choroid following trephining operation. Am J Ophthalmol. 1946 Oct;29:1296-8. PubMed PMID: 21000622.
96: BURDICK DL, PHELPS ML, PETERSON MC. Anesthesia for sympathectomy in hypertension. N Y State J Med. 1946 Oct;46:2139-41. PubMed PMID: 20999743.
97: RUSKIN SL. The control of muscle spasm and arthritic pain through sympathetic block at the nasal ganglion and the use of the adenylic nucleotide. Am J Dig Dis. 1946 Oct;13:311-20. PubMed PMID: 20999580.
98: REEVES DL, LUSIGNAN, et al. Neurosurgical problems. Mil Surg. 1946 Oct;99:61-8. PubMed PMID: 20999074.
99: HAWKES CD. Neurosurgery on board an attack transport (hospital). U S Nav Med Bull. 1946 Oct;46:1571-5. PubMed PMID: 20997558.
100: COOKE WT, BARCLAY JA. Thoracolumbar sympathectomy and hypertension. Br Heart J. 1946 Oct;8(4):237. PubMed PMID: 20292411.
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102: WRIGHT PA. Sensitization of the frog ovary following hypophysectomy. Physiol Zool. 1946 Oct;19(4):359-64. PubMed PMID: 20285935.
103: PARKER CS. Report on one hundred female patients treated by prefrontal leucotomy. J Ment Sci. 1946 Oct;92(389):719-33. PubMed PMID: 20279303.
104: ROBINSON MF. What price lobotomy? J Abnorm Psychol. 1946 Oct;41(4):421-36. PubMed PMID: 20274370.
105: HERTZ R, MEYER RK. Effect of hypophysectomy during early proestrus on ovulation in the rat. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1946 Oct;63(1):71-3. PubMed PMID: 20274267.
106: TIGAY EL, SCHILLER MA, SHERMAN IC. Return of sensation after denervation and regeneration of sutured nerves. Arch Neurol Psychiatry. 1946 Sep;56:347. PubMed PMID: 21065212.
107: REITMAN F. Orbital cortex syndrome following leucotomy. Am J Psychiatry. 1946 Sep;103(2):238-41. PubMed PMID: 21001997.
108: HALSTEAD WC, CARMICHAEL HT, BUCY PC. Prefrontal lobotomy; a preliminary appraisal of the behavioral results. Am J Psychiatry. 1946 Sep;103(2):217-28. PubMed PMID: 21001995.
109: FORSTER FM, BORKOWSKI WJ, ALPERS BJ. Effects of denervation on fasciculations in human muscle; relation of fibrillations to fasciculations. Arch Neurol Psychiatry. 1946 Sep;56:276-83. PubMed PMID: 20999831.
110: GRAFTS RC. The effects of iron, copper, and thyroxine on the anemia induced by hypophysectomy in the adult female rat. Am J Anat. 1946 Sep;79:267-91. PubMed PMID: 20999460.
111: RASMUSSEN TB, ALESSI AA. A method for the chemical production of a prolonged sympathetic paralysis; report of its use in two patients with causalgia. Surgery. 1946 Sep;20:360-3. PubMed PMID: 20997877.
112: HOEN TI. The repair of peripheral nerve lesions. Am J Surg. 1946 Sep;72:489-95. PubMed PMID: 20996553.
113: WHITE JC. Painful injuries of nerves and their surgical treatment. Am J Surg. 1946 Sep;72:468-88. PubMed PMID: 20996552.
114: HALSTEAD WC. A technique for charting neurosurgical lesions. J Neurosurg. 1946 Sep;3:453-7. PubMed PMID: 20996388.
115: MACDONALD IB, McKENZIE KG, BOTTERELL EH. Anterior rhizotomy; the accurate identification of motor roots at the lower end of the spinal cord. J Neurosurg. 1946 Sep;3:421-5. PubMed PMID: 20996385.
116: WHITCOMB BB. Separation at the suture site as a cause of failure in regeneration of peripheral nerves. J Neurosurg. 1946 Sep;3:399-406. PubMed PMID: 20996383.
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118: MacKAY JC. Vagotomy in peptic ulcer. J Bowman Gray Sch Med Wake For Coll. 1946 Sep;4(4):116-20. PubMed PMID: 20282708.
119: CARR JA. Lingual-nerve block for calculi in Wharton's duct. Br Med J. 1946 Aug 17;2:228. PubMed PMID: 20996117.
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121: PILCHER RS. Bronchiectasis involving all lobes of both lungs treated by lobectomy and multiple segmental resections. Proc R Soc Med. 1946 Aug;39:594. PubMed PMID: 21000442.
122: POOL JL. Posterior cordotomy for relief of phantom limb pain. Ann Surg. 1946 Aug;124:386-91. PubMed PMID: 20995808.
123: PENFIELD W. Notes on operative technic in neurosurgery. Ann Surg. 1946 Aug;124:383-5. PubMed PMID: 20995807.
124: DEERY EM. Laminectomy for Pott's paraplegia. Ann Surg. 1946 Aug;124:201-3. PubMed PMID: 20995790.
125: WATTS JW, FREEMAN W. Prefrontal lobotomy; factors influencing prognosis. South Med Surg. 1946 Aug;108:241-7. PubMed PMID: 20994493.
126: HINTON JW, LORD JW Jr. Analysis of surgical failures and fatalities following thoracolumbar sympathectomy for essential hypertension. N Y State J Med. 1946 Aug 1;46:1714-7. PubMed PMID: 20993883.
127: KORTEWEG R, THOMAS F. Hypophysectomy in mice with special reference to mammary cancer; a report on the outcome of 351 operations. Cancer Res. 1946 Aug;6(8):385-95. PubMed PMID: 20992405.
128: Penfield W. Notes on Operative Technic in Neurosurgery. Ann Surg. 1946 Aug;124(2):383-5. PubMed PMID: 17858842; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC1803640.
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131: SMITHY HG. An evaluation of sympathetic nerve interruption in a variety of surgical conditions. South Surg. 1946 Jul;12(1):1-31. PubMed PMID: 20997845.
132: HUGGINS C, RUSSELL PS. Quantitative effects of hypophysectomy on testis and prostate of dogs. Endocrinology. 1946 Jul;39:1-7. PubMed PMID: 20996014.
133: ADELMAN MH, IRWIN CI. Acute aseptic meningitis following paravertebral lumbar sympathetic blocks. Anesthesiology. 1946 Jul;7:422-5. PubMed PMID: 20994844.
134: CRAIG WM. The early diagnosis of neurosurgical lesions. J Med Assoc Ga. 1946 Jul;35:189-93. PubMed PMID: 20991377.
135: COHN R. Twist drill guard for use in craniotomy. J Neurosurg. 1946 Jul;3:358. PubMed PMID: 20989187.
136: POTTER SE. A removable suture method of nerve repair. J Neurosurg. 1946 Jul;3:354-7. PubMed PMID: 20989186.
137: SCARFF JE, POOL JL. Factors causing massive spasm following transection of the cord in man. J Neurosurg. 1946 Jul;3:285-93. PubMed PMID: 20989177.
138: LUKE JC. The value of lumbar sympathetic procaine block. Can Med Assoc J. 1946 Jul;55:11-5. PubMed PMID: 20988635.
139: LOUGHBOROUGH JL. Notes on the trepanation of prehistoric crania. Am Anthropol. 1946 Jul-Sep;48:416-22. PubMed PMID: 20988197.
140: SACHS E. Two important post-war problems in neurological surgery. Dis Nerv Syst. 1946 Jul;7:221. PubMed PMID: 20987764.
141: CRILE G Jr, BROWN A. Pain and fever arising from the common bile duct and not associated with jaundice; report of 2 cases of choledocholithiasis treated by choledochostomy and 1 of post-cholecystectomy biliary dyskinesia relieved by vagotomy. Cleve Clin Q. 1946 Jul;13:147-53. PubMed PMID: 20987359.
142: PUECH P, MORICE J, BRUN M. [Not Available]. Ann Med Psychol (Paris). 1946 Jul;104(2):164-9. Undetermined Language. PubMed PMID: 20287588.
143: FRANK J. Clinical survey and results of 200 cases of prefrontal leucotomy. J Ment Sci. 1946 Jul;92(388):497-508. PubMed PMID: 20274384.
144: CAMPBELL KN, LYONS RH, et al. Tetraethyl ammonium ion; the use of tetraethyl ammonium in producing a blockade of the autonomic ganglia. Bull Am Soc Hosp Pharm. 1946 Jul-Aug;3(4):104-6. PubMed PMID: 20247095.
145: FREEMAN W, WATTS JW. Pain of organic disease relieved by prefrontal lobotomy. Lancet. 1946 Jun 29;1(6409):953-5. PubMed PMID: 20990051.
146: HIRSCH C. Intervertebral foraminotomy. Acta Chir Scand. 1946 Jun 15;94:75-80. PubMed PMID: 20990638.
147: BELTUCH SM. Pregnancy in hypertensive disease followed by thoracolumbar sympathectomy with renal biopsy and complete recovery. N Y State J Med. 1946 Jun 15;46:1362-4. PubMed PMID: 20988846.
148: DE TAKATS G, FOWLER EF, et al. Sympathectomy in the treatment of peripheral vascular sclerosis. J Am Med Assoc. 1946 Jun 8;131:495-9. PubMed PMID: 20983704.
149: POOL JL. Ulnar-femoral nerve anastomosis in paraplegic rhesus monkey. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1946 Jun;62(2):176. PubMed PMID: 20993159.
150: BARONOFSKY ID, FRIESEN S, et al. Vagotomy fails to protect against histamine-provoked ulcer. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1946 Jun;62(2):114-8. PubMed PMID: 20993139.
151: GOLLA FL, FREEMAN W, et al. Discussion: Prefrontal leucotomy with reference to indications and results. Proc R Soc Med. 1946 Jun;39(8):443-58. PubMed PMID: 20993121.
152: DAVID J, TALAIRACH J, HECAEN H. [Not Available]. Ann Med Psychol (Paris). 1946 Jun;104(2):63-6. Undetermined Language. PubMed PMID: 20991804.
153: WILLOUGHBY RJ. Sympathetic blocks. Bull Med Soc Cty Monroe. 1946 Jun;4:71-3. PubMed PMID: 20991256.
154: SELVERSTONE B. Peripheral nerve repair. Surgery. 1946 Jun;19:870. PubMed PMID: 20986927.
155: RECTOR EW. Basal vascular tone as an indication for sympathectomy. Surgery. 1946 Jun;19:862. PubMed PMID: 20986920.
156: WOODHALL B, LYONS WR. Peripheral nerve injuries; the results of early nerve suture; a preliminary report. Surgery. 1946 Jun;19:757-89. PubMed PMID: 20986913.
157: LI CH, KALMAN C, et al. The effect of hypophysectomy and adrenocorticotropic hormone on the alkaline phosphatase of rat plasma. J Biol Chem. 1946 Jun;163:715-21. PubMed PMID: 20985644.
158: HINTON JW, LORD JW Jr. Thoracolumbar sympathectomy in the treatment of advanced essential hypertension. N Y State J Med. 1946 Jun 1;46:1223-6. PubMed PMID: 20984972.
159: WOOD HM, RAINS KM, BRAMLEY PA. Extra-oral nerve-block analgesia for dental extractions. Br Med J. 1946 Jun 1;1:835. PubMed PMID: 20984768.
160: CHANGES in human muscle after denervation. Bull U S Army Med Dep. 1946 Jun;5:619. PubMed PMID: 20984167.
161: GRIMSON KS. Transthoracic vagotomy for peptic ulcer. Va Med Mon (1918). 1946 Jun;73:251. PubMed PMID: 20984146.
162: ZACHARY RB, HOLMES W. Primary suture of nerves. Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1946 Jun;82:632-51. PubMed PMID: 20983135.
163: GRIMSON KS, TAYLOR HM, et al. The effect of transthoracic vagotomy upon the functions of the stomach and upon the early clinical course of patients with peptic ulcer. South Med J. 1946 Jun;39:460-72. PubMed PMID: 20982630.
164: FROEHLICH F. [Not Available]. Presse Med. 1946 May 25;54(24):336. Undetermined Language. PubMed PMID: 20993068.
165: DE TAKATS G. The value of sympathectomy in the treatment of peripheral vascular sclerosis. Proc Inst Med Chic. 1946 May 15;16:169. PubMed PMID: 21028045.
166: VERBEEK FA. Cranial nerve surgery in the posterior fossa. Surgery. 1946 May;19:612-26. PubMed PMID: 21028538.
167: FAIRMAN D. Evolution of neurosurgery through Walter E. Dandy's work. Surgery. 1946 May;19:581-604. PubMed PMID: 21028536.
168: GRAVELLE LJ, O'DONNELL CH. Lumbar sympathectomy for chronic leg ulcers. Am J Surg. 1946 May;71:620-4. PubMed PMID: 21027413.
169: LIVINGSTON KE, LIVINGSTON WK, DAVIS EW. A technique of nerve suture. J Neurosurg. 1946 May;3:270. PubMed PMID: 21026953.
170: BRIDGERS WH. Bulb irrigator for use in neurological surgery. J Neurosurg. 1946 May;3:257-9. PubMed PMID: 21026949.
171: FAHLUND GT. Suture of the posterior tibial nerve below the knee, with a follow-up study of the clinical results. J Neurosurg. 1946 May;3:223-33. PubMed PMID: 21026945.
172: RICHTER CP. Instructions for using the cutaneous resistance recorder, or dermometer, on peripheral nerve injuries, sympathectomies and paravertebral blocks. J Neurosurg. 1946 May;3:181-91. PubMed PMID: 21026939.
173: WILSON AA. Ventriculocisternostomy (report of four cases). W V Med J. 1946 May;42:114-9. PubMed PMID: 21026058.
174: ULLERY GC. Thoraco-lumbar sympathectomy operation for high blood pressure. Ohio State Med J. 1946 May;42:507. PubMed PMID: 21025916.
175: SKIR I. Proctoscopy and barium colon study in the diagnosis of rectal conditions. N Y State J Med. 1946 May 1;46:1017. PubMed PMID: 21025890.
176: HINTON JW, LORD JW Jr. The prognostic value of the sodium amytal test in hypertension managed by thoracolumbar sympathectomy. N Y State J Med. 1946 May 1;46:1015. PubMed PMID: 21025889.
177: BRODY EB, MOORE BE. Prefrontal lobotomy; a review of recent literature. Conn State Med J. 1946 May;10:409-21. PubMed PMID: 21025470.
178: FINCHER EF. Craniotomy and total dissection as a method in the treatment of the brain. Ann Surg. 1946 May;123:789-807. PubMed PMID: 20986764.
179: SPURLING RG, WOODHALL B. Experiences with early nerve surgery in peripheral nerve injuries. Ann Surg. 1946 May;123:731-48. PubMed PMID: 20986760.
180: MUEHLIG WA. Frontal lobotomy. Bull Creighton Univ. 1946 May;3:73. PubMed PMID: 20983594.
181: REICHSMAN F. Studies on the pathogenesis of pulmonary edema following bilateral vagotomy. Am Heart J. 1946 May;31:590-616. PubMed PMID: 20981945.
182: RUSSEK HI, SOUTHWARTH JL, ZOHMAN BL. Selection of hypertensive patients for sympathectomy. J Am Med Assoc. 1946 Apr 6;130:927-9. PubMed PMID: 21019097.
183: McCARTHY HH. The effect of vagotomy and partial gastrectomy on gastric acidity; effect of stimulation of the psychic phase in presence of tenth-normal hydrochloric acid in the stomach. Proc Staff Meet Mayo Clin. 1946 Apr 3;21:142-50. PubMed PMID: 21024118.
184: SMITH JW. Recurrent detachment of the choroid following trephining operation. Am J Ophthalmol. 1946 Apr;29:466. PubMed PMID: 21066130.
185: FITZGERALD PA. Sympathectomy for hypertension. Ir J Med Sci. 1946 Apr:109-21. PubMed PMID: 21025591.
186: ABRAMSON DI, SHUMACKER HB Jr. Sequelae of trench foot and their treatment by lumbar sympathectomy. J Lab Clin Med. 1946 Apr;31:479. PubMed PMID: 21022572.
187: HAYNES WG. Wartime neurosurgical experiences. Surgery. 1946 Apr;19:543-52. PubMed PMID: 21020310.
188: ADSON AW, YOUNG HH, GHORMLEY RK. Spasmodic torticollis; severe organic type treated by combined operation, rhizotomy, and fusion. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1946 Apr;28:299-308. PubMed PMID: 21020235.
189: MUEHLIG WA. Frontal lobotomy. Nebr State Med J. 1946 Apr;31:137. PubMed PMID: 21019353.
190: JANES JM. Paraesthesias of upper extremity; treatment by stellate ganglion block. Can Med Assoc J. 1946 Apr;54:376-8. PubMed PMID: 21018973.
191: LONDON J. Neurosurgical conditions in general practice. Bull Adelphi Hosp Brooklyn. 1946 Apr;4(7):2-7. PubMed PMID: 21018927.
192: ATKIN I. The psychology of shock therapies and of leucotomy. J Clin Exp Psychopathol. 1946 Apr;7:731-5. PubMed PMID: 20999869.
193: ROAF R. Suture of the external and internal popliteal nerves. Br J Surg. 1946 Apr;34:382-5. PubMed PMID: 20996580.
194: FALCONER MA, LINDSAY JS. Painful phantom limb treated by high cervical chordotomy. Br J Surg. 1946 Apr;34:301-6. PubMed PMID: 20996565.
195: De ROM F. [Not Available]. Acta Chir Belg. 1946 Apr;(4):152-5. Undetermined Language. PubMed PMID: 20286063.
196: TELFORD ED, SIMMONS HT. Sympathectomy in peripheral arteriosclerosis. Br Med J. 1946 Mar 16;1:386. PubMed PMID: 21017203.
197: THORPE FT. Prefrontal leucotomy in treatment of post-encephalitic conduct disorder. Br Med J. 1946 Mar 2;1:312-4. PubMed PMID: 21016155.
198: CRAFTS RC. The effects of iron and thyroxine on the anemia following hypophysectomy in the adult female rat. Anat Rec. 1946 Mar;94:456. PubMed PMID: 21066218.
199: RAO BN. Psychosurgery. J Indian Med Assoc. 1946 Mar;15:181-5. PubMed PMID: 21025662.
200: RICHARDS RL. The assessment of sensory denervation after injuries of peripheral nerves. Edinb Med J. 1946 Mar;53:110-24. PubMed PMID: 21025523; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC5283396.
201: DE SOUSA PEREIRA A. A basis for sympathectomy for cancer of the cervix uteri. Arch Surg. 1946 Mar;52:260-85. PubMed PMID: 21024600.
202: FAUST FL. Repeated sympathetic blocks; their limitation and value. Anesthesiology. 1946 Mar;7:161-75. PubMed PMID: 21023365.
203: PEELE TL, WINDLE WF. Reaction of the spinal cord to laminectomy. Anat Rec. 1946 Mar;94:488. PubMed PMID: 21020614.
204: DEANE HW, GREEP RO. The morphology and histochemistry of the adrenal cortex after hypophysectomy. Anat Rec. 1946 Mar;94:412. PubMed PMID: 21020545.
205: ALLBRITTEN FF Jr, MALTBY GL. Causalgia secondary to injury of the major peripheral nerves; treatment by sympathectomy. Surgery. 1946 Mar;19:407-14. PubMed PMID: 21020294.
206: KLEMPERER WW. A holder for neurosurgical suction tube and cautery. J Neurosurg. 1946 Mar;3:174. PubMed PMID: 21018507.
207: SELETZ E. Peripheral nerve surgery; review of incisions for operative exposure; preliminary report. J Neurosurg. 1946 Mar;3:135-47. PubMed PMID: 21018503.
208: RICHTER CP, OTENASEK FJ. Thoracolumbar sympathectomies examined with the electrical skin resistance method. J Neurosurg. 1946 Mar;3:120-34. PubMed PMID: 21018502.
209: RIEKERT HJ, LUOMANEN RK. A self-retaining hemi-laminectomy retractor. Am J Surg. 1946 Mar;71:436. PubMed PMID: 21015441.
210: HOUSTON HE. The neurosurgical service in an evacuation hospital. Bull U S Army Med Dep. 1946 Mar;5:328-36. PubMed PMID: 21013947.
211: BROWN MH. Chemical sympathectomy in neurovascular lesions of the upper extremity. U S Nav Med Bull. 1946 Mar;46:343-7. PubMed PMID: 21012938.
212: BRAILLON J. [Not Available]. Rev Neurol (Paris). 1946 Mar-Apr;78:148-50. Undetermined Language. PubMed PMID: 20994617.
213: JEANDELIZE, ROUSSEAUX, THOMAS. [Not Available]. Rev Otoneuroophtalmol. 1946 Mar;18(8):162-4. Undetermined Language. PubMed PMID: 20291914.
214: WERTHEIMER P, GAILLARD J. [Not Available]. Lyon Chir. 1946 Mar-Apr;41(2):232. Undetermined Language. PubMed PMID: 20275940.
215: REITMAN F. Neurological complications following prefrontal leucotomy. Br Med J. 1946 Feb 16;1:235. PubMed PMID: 21014565.
216: DICKMANN GH. [Not Available]. Rev Asoc Med Argent. 1946 Feb 15-28;60:91-9. Undetermined Language. PubMed PMID: 21019565.
217: ABERCROMBIE RG. Galvanic stimulation of denervated muscle. Br Med J. 1946 Feb 9;1:217. PubMed PMID: 21013617.
218: DE SOUSA PEREIRA A. Abdominopelvic sympathectomy for relief of pain of cancer of the cervix. Arch Surg. 1946 Feb;52:113-34. PubMed PMID: 21020205.
219: CRUTCHER RR. Sympathectomy for ischemia following femoral artery ligation. Ann Surg. 1946 Feb;123:304-10. PubMed PMID: 21020202.
220: PATARO VF. [Not Available]. Prensa Med Argent. 1946 Feb 1;33:243-52. Undetermined Language. PubMed PMID: 21017546.
221: TAUROG A, CHAIKOFF IL, BENNETT LL. The influence of hypophysectomy upon plasma iodine and thyroxine content of the thyroid gland of the rat. Endocrinology. 1946 Feb;38:122-6. PubMed PMID: 21017050.
222: GRIMSON KS. Sympathectomy and the circulation; anatomic and physiologic considerations and early and late limitations. Surgery. 1946 Feb;19:277-98. PubMed PMID: 21015525.
223: TYSON MD, GAYNOR JS. Interruption of the sympathetic nervous system in relation to trauma. Surgery. 1946 Feb;19:167-76. PubMed PMID: 21015515.
224: DE TAKATS G. The technic of lumbar sympathectomy. Surg Clin North Am. 1946 Feb:56-69. PubMed PMID: 21015500.
225: SPELLER SR. Consents to operations and other surgical procedures. Hosp (Lond). 1946 Feb;42:59-61. PubMed PMID: 21014463.
226: DUFF J, KENYON HR, SMITH KF. Malignant hypertension; neurosurgery of the kidney. J Urol. 1946 Feb;55:153-9. PubMed PMID: 21013273.
227: WEISS P, EDDS MV Jr. Spontaneous recovery of muscle following partial denervation. Am J Physiol. 1946 Feb;145:587-607. PubMed PMID: 21013057.
228: FISCHER E, RAMSEY VW. The effect of daily Electrostimulation of normal and denervated muscles upon their protein content and upon some of the physicochemical properties of the protein. Am J Physiol. 1946 Feb;145:583-6. PubMed PMID: 21013056.
229: WATERS EG. Presacral sympathectomy for intractable functional uterine pain. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1946 Feb;51:235-40. PubMed PMID: 21012761.
230: BARRINGER FS. The results of lumbar sympathectomy for arteriosclerosis of the lower limbs. Queens Med Mag (1972). 1946 Feb;39:34-7. PubMed PMID: 20995398.
231: ALEXANDER GL. The management of the neurosurgical patient. Nurs Times. 1946 Jan 19;42:44. PubMed PMID: 21023019.
232: WERTHEIMER P. [Not Available]. Presse Med. 1946 Jan 19;54:28. Undetermined Language. PubMed PMID: 21019482.
233: ALVAREZ A. [Not Available]. J Med (Oporto). 1946 Jan 5;7:181. Undetermined Language. PubMed PMID: 20983744.
234: SUSKIND MI, HAJEK NM, HINES HM. The effect of massage upon denervation atrophy of skeletal muscle. Fed Proc. 1946;5(1 Pt 2):102. PubMed PMID: 21066506.
235: SMITH EL, HAYNES BW, EVANS EI. The effect of sympathectomy and tilting on arterial blood pressure, cardiac output and right atrial pressure in man. Fed Proc. 1946;5(1 Pt 2):97. PubMed PMID: 21066495.
236: WIKLER A. Reactions of chronic totally decorticated dogs during a cycle of morphine addiction. Fed Proc. 1946;5(1 Pt 2):212. PubMed PMID: 21064465.
237: BOURGOYNE JR. Intra-oral technique of the mandibular nerve block. Mod Dent (N Y N Y 1931). 1946;13(2):5-7. PubMed PMID: 21024997.
238: POPPEN JL. Prefrontal lobotomy for intractable pain; case report. Lahey Clin Bull. 1946 Jan;4:205-7. PubMed PMID: 21024022.
239: HOMBACH AC. Brain surgery performed under shell fire. Trained Nurse Hosp Rev. 1946 Jan;116:25-8. PubMed PMID: 21023054.
240: PEELE TL, GROAT RA, WINDLE WF. Reactions of the spinal cord to laminectomy. Fed Proc. 1946;5(1 Pt 2):80. PubMed PMID: 21022209.
241: PARKER EE, LeDUE IE. Lumbar sympathetic block in the treatment of ureteral calculus. J Mil Med Pac. 1946;2(2):15-7. PubMed PMID: 21019789.
242: HOCH PH. General clinical psychiatry, psychosomatic medicine and psychosurgery. Am J Psychiatry. 1946 Jan;102:507-11. PubMed PMID: 21016898.
243: GRIMSON KS. Studies of the central or reflex control of the circulation several years after sympathectomy. Fed Proc. 1946;5(1):37. PubMed PMID: 21015691.
244: FREEMAN W, WATTS JW. Prefrontal lobotomy; survey of 331 cases. Am J Med Sci. 1946 Jan;211:1-8. PubMed PMID: 21009766.
245: CAIRNS H. The scope of neurosurgery. Practitioner. 1946 Jan;156:2-9. PubMed PMID: 21008859.
246: TAYLOR GM. A simple retractor for spinal surgery. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1946 Jan;28:183. PubMed PMID: 21008099.
247: PILCHER C. Newer methods of hemostasis in neurosurgery. South Med J. 1946 Jan;39:39-42. PubMed PMID: 21006359.
248: McKENZIE DD. Notes on the treatment of penetrating head wounds in a base neurosurgical unit. Aust N Z J Surg. 1946 Jan;15:170-5. PubMed PMID: 20996557.
249: MARTIN J. The surgical problem of intracranial aneurysm and related vascular lesions. Q Bull Northwest Univ Med Sch. 1946;20(3):265-75. PubMed PMID: 20995361; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3802672.
250: FREEMAN W, WATTS JW. Psychosurgery. Prog Neurol Psychiatry. 1946;1:649-61. PubMed PMID: 20991855.
251: SCOTT M. Surgery of spinal cord and spinal column. Prog Neurol Psychiatry. 1946;1:462-73. PubMed PMID: 20991844.
252: CLAVEL C, REVOL M, SAUBIER J. [Not Available]. Lyon Chir. 1946 Jan-Feb;41:74. Undetermined Language. PubMed PMID: 20986877.
253: POPULAR psychosurgery. Psychiatr Q Suppl. 1946;20(Pt 2):307-10. PubMed PMID: 20291875.
254: OSIPOVA VN. [Experimental investigations of mental operations after the method of restoration of deformed texts of patients with manic-depressive psychosis]. Nevropatol Psikhiatriia. 1946;15(1):14-9. Undetermined Language. PubMed PMID: 20290175.
255: FINCHER EF. Craniotomy and total dissection as a method in the treatment of abscess of the brain. Trans South Surg Assoc. 1946;57:327-45. PubMed PMID: 20283400.
256: SPURLING RG, WOODHALL B. Experiences with early nerve surgery in peripheral nerve injuries. Trans South Surg Assoc. 1946;57:269-86. PubMed PMID: 20283396.
257: LEMBCKE W. [Not Available]. Chirurg. 1946-1947;17-18(10):453-6. Undetermined Language. PubMed PMID: 20270315.
258: SELDON TH. Uses and abuses of sympathetic blocks. Collect Papers Mayo Clinic Mayo Found. 1946-1947;38:757. PubMed PMID: 20257679.
259: VANZANT FR. The late restoration of gastric acidity after thoracic vagotomy in the dog. Collect Papers Mayo Clinic Mayo Found. 1946-1947;38:14. PubMed PMID: 20257656.
260: ERUSALIMCHIK KI. [Visceral symptomatology of gunshot wounds of the parietal region]. Vopr Neirokhir. 1946;10(2):53-7. Undetermined Language. PubMed PMID: 20243462.
261: KULESHA GB. [Classification, pathogenesis and treatment of cerebral abscesses on the basis of material from a neurosurgical base hospital]. Vopr Neirokhir. 1946;10(2):46-52. Undetermined Language. PubMed PMID: 20243461.
262: OCHKUR PP. [Pathological morphology of late brain abscesses of gunshot origin]. Vopr Neirokhir. 1946;10(1):57. Undetermined Language. PubMed PMID: 20243449.
263: GEIMANOVICH ZI. [Experience in neurosurgical work]. Vopr Neirokhir. 1946;10(1):22-4. Undetermined Language. PubMed PMID: 20243437.
264: POLENOV AL. [Experiment in neurosurgical clinics]. Vopr Neirokhir. 1946;10(1):3-8. Undetermined Language. PubMed PMID: 20243434.
265: PADILLA T, COSSIO P, et al. [Not Available]. Medicina (B Aires). 1946-1947;7(5):429-50. Undetermined Language. PubMed PMID: 18896199.