====== WHO Analgesic Ladder ======

The [[opioid]] epidemic challenges current attitudes toward [[pain management]] and necessitates the reexamination of the [[World Health Organization]] (WHO) 3-step analgesic ladder, introduced in [[1986]] for [[cancer pain]] management. 
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[[WHO]] has developed a three-step "ladder" for [[cancer pain]] relief in adults. If [[pain]] occurs, there should be prompt oral administration of drugs in the following order: nonopioids ([[aspirin]] and [[paracetamol]]); then, as necessary, mild opioids ([[codeine]]); then strong opioids such as [[morphine]], until the patient is free of pain.

To calm fears and [[anxiety]], additional drugs – “adjuvants” – should be used. 

To maintain freedom from pain, drugs should be given “by the clock”, that is every 3-6 hours, rather than “on demand” This three-step approach of administering the right drug in the right dose at the right time is inexpensive and 80-90% effective. Surgical intervention on appropriate nerves may provide further pain relief if drugs are not wholly effective. 
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Surgical treatment of pain is a logical extension of the original [[guideline]], which is often absent in conversations with patients about treatment options for their pain and consequentially underutilized. However, with concerns growing regarding opioid use, a shift in the stepwise approach of the WHO analgesic ladder in an age of developing technology and surgical offerings could have profound implications for patients and [[public health]]. Surgical interventions potentially provide a long-term, cost-effective management strategy to reduce opioid use. A review of canvasses surgical options, highlights literature on failed back surgery syndrome and spinal cord stimulation and reconsiders the current ladder approach to pain management
((McGuire LS, Slavin K. Revisiting the WHO Analgesic Ladder for Surgical Management of Pain. AMA J Ethics. 2020;22(1):E695-E701. Published 2020 Aug 1. doi:10.1001/amajethics.2020.695)).