====== Vertebral collapse ======

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**[[Vertebral]] [[collapse]]** refers to the [[compression]] or collapse of a [[vertebra]] in the [[spine]], which typically results from conditions like [[osteoporosis]], [[trauma]], or [[malignancy]]. It is characterized by the loss of height and shape in the affected [[vertebra]], leading to deformities in the spine and potentially affecting [[spinal stability]] and function.

===== Etiology =====

1. **Osteoporotic Vertebral Compression Fractures (OVCF)**: 
   - The most common cause of vertebral collapse, especially in older adults. Osteoporosis weakens the bones, making them more susceptible to fractures even with minimal trauma or stress. In these cases, the vertebra becomes compressed or collapsed under the body’s weight or other mechanical forces.
   
2. **Trauma**: 
   - A sudden injury such as a fall, car accident, or sports-related accident can cause a vertebra to collapse. In cases of high-impact trauma, the vertebra may fracture and collapse under the force.

3. **Cancer**: 
   - Vertebral collapse can occur in patients with spinal tumors, either primary or metastatic, as the tumor weakens the vertebra and leads to its collapse.

4. **Infection**:
   - In rare cases, vertebral collapse can result from infections such as osteomyelitis, which can compromise the integrity of the vertebral bone and cause it to collapse.

### Symptoms of Vertebral Collapse:

- **Back Pain**: One of the most common symptoms is sudden or chronic back pain. The pain can be sharp and localized at the site of the collapsed vertebra or can radiate to other areas.
  
- **Deformity**: If multiple vertebrae collapse, a noticeable spinal deformity, such as a kyphotic curve (hunched back), can develop.

- **Loss of Height**: As the vertebra collapses, there may be a reduction in the overall height of the spine.

- **Neurological Symptoms**: In more severe cases, especially if the collapse impinges on the spinal cord or nerve roots, patients may experience numbness, weakness, or tingling in the limbs.

### Diagnosis:

- **X-rays**: Can help detect the collapse and any visible deformity of the vertebrae.
  
- **MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging)**: Provides more detailed images of the soft tissues, including the spinal cord and nerves, and can help detect inflammation, fractures, or tumors.
  
- **CT Scan**: Offers a detailed 3D view of the spine, useful in evaluating the extent of the collapse and planning treatment.
  
- **Bone Density Tests**: To assess osteoporosis and the risk of fractures.

===== Treatment =====

[[Vertebral]] [[collapse]] (VC) following [[osteoporotic vertebral compression fracture]] (OVCF) often requires [[aggressive treatment]], necessitating an accurate [[prediction]] for early [[intervention]].


1. **Conservative Management**:
   - **Pain Control**: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), opioids (for severe pain), and muscle relaxants.
   - **Bracing**: A back brace may be used to stabilize the spine and relieve pain during the healing process.
   - **Physical Therapy**: Strengthening exercises and mobility training to help improve posture and reduce pain.

2. **Surgical Intervention**:
   - **Vertebroplasty**: A minimally invasive procedure where bone cement is injected into the collapsed vertebra to stabilize it and relieve pain.
   - **Kyphoplasty**: Similar to vertebroplasty but involves the use of a balloon to first create space in the collapsed vertebra before injecting the cement. This procedure may also help restore some of the vertebra's height.
   - **Spinal Fusion**: In cases of severe collapse or instability, spinal fusion surgery may be required to stabilize the spine by fusing adjacent vertebrae together.

3. **Pharmacological Treatment for Osteoporosis**:
   - **Bisphosphonates** (e.g., alendronate, risedronate): These help to strengthen bones and reduce the risk of future fractures.
   - **Denosumab**: A monoclonal antibody that helps reduce bone resorption.
   - **Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators (SERMs)** or **Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT)**: In postmenopausal women, these can help manage osteoporosis.

### Complications:

- **Spinal Deformities**: Such as kyphosis, which can lead to further pain and reduced mobility.
- **Increased Risk of Further Fractures**: A collapsed vertebra may increase the likelihood of additional fractures, as the structural integrity of the spine is compromised.
- **Neurological Deficits**: In severe cases, if the collapse affects the spinal cord or nerves, it may lead to neurological complications like weakness, numbness, or paralysis.
- **Chronic Pain**: Ongoing back pain can become a long-term issue for many patients after vertebral collapse.

### Prognosis:

The prognosis for vertebral collapse varies depending on the cause, the extent of the collapse, and the effectiveness of the treatment. In cases where conservative measures like pain management and physical therapy are successful, patients can often recover or learn to manage their condition. However, if the collapse is severe or there are neurological complications, more aggressive interventions like surgery may be required to improve outcomes and prevent further damage.

### Conclusion:

Vertebral collapse, especially following osteoporotic fractures, is a serious condition that can lead to chronic pain, disability, and decreased quality of life. Early diagnosis and appropriate management, including the use of surgical and non-surgical treatments, are essential to improve the patient's outcomes. Preventative measures, such as osteoporosis management, are also crucial in reducing the risk of future vertebral collapse.

===== Vertebral Collapse Predictive Modeling =====
[[Vertebral Collapse Predictive Modeling]].