====== Ventriculoperitoneal shunt malfunction ======

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see also [[Cerebrospinal fluid shunt malfunction]].
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Ventriculoperitoneal [[shunt malfunction]] is a [[ventriculoperitoneal shunt complication]].
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[[Cerebrospinal fluid shunt]] by way of [[ventriculoperitoneal shunt]] (or another terminus) is a commonly
performed [[neurosurgical procedure]] but one that is fraught with high rates of [[failure]]. Up to one-third
of adult patients undergoing CSF shunting will experience a [[shunt malfunction]]
((Reddy GK, Bollam P, Shi R, Guthikonda B, Nanda A: Management
of adult hydrocephalus with ventriculoperitoneal
shunts: long-term single-institution experience. Neurosurgery
69:774–781, 2011)).

===== Etiology =====

see also [[Cerebrospinal fluid shunt malfunction classification]]
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[[Shunt malfunction]] may be attributed to multiple causes, including [[shunt obstruction]], [[shunt infection]], pseudocyst formation and bowel perforation. VPS obstruction, which is most often occurs in the proximal catheter, is the most common cause of VPS malfunction. Hardware infection is the second most common cause of VPS malfunction, and this is a complication is most often observed in infants, with premature infants being the most susceptible. Despite continuous attempts to reduce the incidence of VPS complications, such as improved sterile techniques, antibiotic impregnated catheters, and programmable valves, VPS malfunction remains a major problem, which often leads to multiple and costly hospital admissions
((Michelle Paff, Daniela Alexandru-Abrams, Michael Muhonen, William Loudon,
Ventriculoperitoneal shunt complications: A review,
Interdisciplinary Neurosurgery,
Volume 13,
2018,
Pages 66-70,
ISSN 2214-7519,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.inat.2018.04.004.
(https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214751917302244)))


[[Ventriculoperitoneal shunt disconnection]] and fracture of the distal catheter remain a common cause of [[ventriculoperitoneal shunt]] [[malfunction]].

===== Ventriculoperitoneal shunt overdrainage =====

[[Ventriculoperitoneal shunt overdrainage]].

===== Ventriculoperitoneal shunt obstruction =====

see [[Ventriculoperitoneal shunt obstruction]].