====== Urinary bladder dysfunction treatment ======


===== Pharmacologic treatment for bladder dysfunction =====

==== Muscarinic anticholinergics ====

see [[Muscarinic anticholinergics]].

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Xiao et al. and other investigators have studied an intradural somatic-to-autonomic (e.g., L-5 to S3-4) nerve transfer as a method to create a reflex arc to allow bladder emptying in response to cutaneous stimulation (the [[Xiao procedure]]). In previous clinical studies of patients with [[spinal dysraphism]] who underwent the Xiao procedure, high success rates (70%-85%) were reported for the establishment of a "skin-CNS-bladder" reflex arc that allows spontaneous, controlled voiding in children with neurogenic [[bladder dysfunction]]. However, many of these studies did not use blinded observers, did not have control groups, and/or featured only limited follow-up durations. 



see [[Xiao procedure]]

===== Neuromodulation for bladder dysfunction =====

[[Neuromodulation for bladder dysfunction]]