====== Traumatic epistaxis ======

===== Case reports =====

A 77-year-old woman with no medical history fell, and her face was strongly impacted on the ground. On arrival, her initial [[vital signs]] were stable. She underwent an endoscopy to stop the bleeding. However, identification of the origin of the bleeding failed, and her injury resulted in [[hemorrhagic shock]] during the procedure. Head to face contrast computed tomography showed extravasation of contrast media into the [[maxillary sinus]]. Transcatheter arterial embolization was performed for the ruptured [[infraorbital artery]] branching from the [[maxillary artery]]. She recovered from the "shock" state after transcatheter arterial [[embolization]] and was admitted to the [[intensive care unit]]. There were no complications associated with transcatheter arterial embolization during hospitalization. For this case, early recognition of an active hemorrhage was challenging because the hemorrhage was pooled in the [[sinus]]es. Although epistaxis is sometimes fatal, transcatheter arterial embolization can be the first choice for the treatment of life-threatening epistaxis, owing to its safety and effectiveness
((Kotoh R, Maruhashi T, Tamura S, Yamamoto D, Koizumi H, Kurihara Y, Osada M, Oi M, Asari Y. Life-threatening traumatic epistaxis due to massive bleeding into the maxillary sinus. Trauma Case Rep. 2021 Feb 18;32:100434. doi: 10.1016/j.tcr.2021.100434. PMID: 33665324; PMCID: PMC7903132.)).

===== Unclassified =====
1: Kotoh R, Maruhashi T, Tamura S, Yamamoto D, Koizumi H, Kurihara Y, Osada M,
Oi M, Asari Y. Life-threatening traumatic epistaxis due to massive bleeding into
the maxillary sinus. Trauma Case Rep. 2021 Feb 18;32:100434. doi:
10.1016/j.tcr.2021.100434. PMID: 33665324; PMCID: PMC7903132.

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Treatment of Concomitant Sphenoid Sinus Giant Traumatic Aneurysm and Direct
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5: Wengier A, Ram Z, Warshavsky A, Margalit N, Fliss DM, Abergel A. Endoscopic
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6: Kankane VK, Warade AG, Misra BK. Extracranial-intracranial high-flow bypass
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Case report. Neurol India. 2019 Mar-Apr;67(2):485-490. doi:
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7: Colbran R, Kim J, Campbell R. Rapid Rhino versus brain: a case report in
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8: Menon G, Hegde A, Nair R. Post-traumatic Cavernous Carotid Pseudoaneurysm
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10.7759/cureus.3002. PMID: 30250764; PMCID: PMC6145755.

9: Kumar V, Hegde A, Nair RP, Kongwad LI. Misguided urinary catheter: an
uncommon complication of a common solution. BMJ Case Rep. 2018 Apr
13;2018:bcr2018225160. doi: 10.1136/bcr-2018-225160. PMID: 29654108; PMCID:
PMC5905815.

10: Wolff A, Santiago GF, Belzberg M, Emodi O, Gordon CR. Improving
Postoperative Nasal Airway Patency in Le Fort-Based, Maxillofacial Trauma
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