====== Topiramate ======

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Topiramate, sold under the brand name Topamax among others, is a medication used to treat epilepsy and prevent migraines. It has also been used in alcohol dependence. For epilepsy, this includes with generalized or focal seizures. It is taken by mouth.

Topiramate (TOP) inhibits voltage-gated sodium channels by blocking both the amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid (AMPA)/kainate receptor and folic acid (FA) activity in neurotransmitter synthesis reactions. FA and TOP are anti-apoptotic agents by both phosphorylated-Akt (p-Akt) signaling activation and anti-inflammatory effects at the injury site. We investigated the effects of FA and TOP in peripheral nerve injury. We used rats with a sciatic nerve injury (SNI) treated with FA or TOP once daily for 6 weeks. Histological and electrophysiological tests were used to evaluate the morphology, and motor and sensory functions. Numbers of axons, myelin sheath thickness and axon area were measured using stereological techniques; functionality also was evaluated. Although FA exhibited a positive effect on regeneration by increasing the number of axons, we found no difference in axonal outgrowth or myelin sheath formation between the TOP and FA groups
((Sağır D, Kuruoğlu E, Onger ME, Yarar E. The Effects of folic acid and
topiramate on peripheral nerve regeneration. Biotech Histochem. 2019 Aug 19:1-8. 
doi: 10.1080/10520295.2019.1637022. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 31423848.
)).