====== Tau hyperphosphorylation ======

In a basic science / in vitro cellular model
Li et al.
from the Fudan University, Shanghai; First People's Hospital, Changzhou; Soochow University, Changzhou; University of Cagliari, Cagliari
published in [[Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience]]
to investigate whether activation of the δ-[[opioid receptor]] (DOR) can mitigate [[tau]] hyperphosphorylation and cellular injury in a PC12 cell model of [[Alzheimer’s disease]], and to elucidate the [[signaling pathway]]s involved.
DOR activation inhibits okadaic acid-induced tau hyperphosphorylation and neuronal [[apoptosis]] via suppression of [[CDK5]] and [[AMPK]] signaling pathways. This effect is antagonized by Naltrindole, suggesting a receptor-specific mechanism of [[neuroprotection]]
((Li J, Xu Y, Balboni G, Xia Y. A new pathway for neuroprotection against tau hyperphosphorylation via δ-opioid receptor initiated inhibition of CDK5 and AMPK signaling. Front Aging Neurosci. 2025 Jun 24;17:1587219. doi: 10.3389/fnagi.2025.1587219. PMID: 40630924; PMCID: PMC12236099.)).

===== Critical Review =====

This study by Li et al. attempts to delineate a novel neuroprotective pathway involving δ-[[opioid receptor]]s (DOR) in the context of [[Alzheimer’s disease]] (AD). The authors utilize a standard in vitro [[tauopathy]] model—PC12 cells exposed to okadaic acid—to mimic [[hyperphosphorylation]]-induced injury. Activation of DOR appeared to downregulate [[CDK5]] and [[AMPK]], two well-known contributors to pathological tau processing, leading to attenuation of tau hyperphosphorylation and reduced apoptosis.

While mechanistically intriguing, the study suffers from limitations inherent to in vitro models. The use of only [[PC12]] cells without validation in primary [[neuron]]s or in vivo models significantly restricts translational relevance. Furthermore, mechanistic claims are supported solely by protein expression changes rather than functional assays (e.g., kinase activity, downstream signaling cascades). The reliance on pharmacologic antagonism (Naltrindole) without genetic confirmation (e.g., siRNA or [[CRISPR]] knockdown of DOR) weakens the causal inference. The lack of dose-response curves and temporal profiling further dilutes mechanistic rigor.

Notably absent is any assessment of tau isoform specificity or aggregation state, critical elements in tauopathies. The link between DOR signaling and cognitive outcomes in AD remains speculative in this work.

**Final Verdict:** Mechanistically suggestive but overly preliminary for clinical extrapolation. High interest for neuropharmacology researchers, but limited utility for practicing neurosurgeons at this stage.

**Takeaway for the Practicing Neurosurgeon:** DOR agonism shows potential as a tau-modulating strategy, but its relevance in human neurodegeneration remains untested.

**Bottom Line:** DOR-mediated inhibition of CDK5 and AMPK offers a conceptual neuroprotective pathway against tau pathology in vitro; however, translational steps are entirely lacking.

**Rating:** 4.5 / 10

**Publication Date:** June 24, 2025
**Corresponding Author Email:** [[yingxia@fudan.edu.cn]]
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===== Blog Categories =====
Basic Science, Neurodegeneration, Alzheimer’s Disease, Experimental Therapies


===== Tags =====
tau, δ-opioid receptor, DOR, CDK5, AMPK, neuroprotection, Alzheimer’s, in vitro, PC12, naltrindole