===== Stroke Scales =====

Stroke scales are standardized tools used to assess various aspects of stroke, including severity, functional status, prognosis, and treatment eligibility.

==== 1. NIH Stroke Scale (NIHSS) ====
  * Purpose: Quantifies neurological deficit in acute stroke.
  * Range: 0–42
  * Interpretation:
    * 0 = No stroke symptoms
    * 1–4 = Minor stroke
    * 5–15 = Moderate stroke
    * 16–20 = Moderate to severe stroke
    * 21–42 = Severe stroke
  * Use: Inclusion/exclusion in thrombolysis and thrombectomy trials.

==== 2. Modified Rankin Scale (mRS) ====
  * Purpose: Measures degree of disability or dependence after stroke.
  * Range: 0–6
  * Interpretation:
    * 0 = No symptoms
    * 1 = No significant disability despite symptoms
    * 2 = Slight disability
    * 3 = Moderate disability
    * 4 = Moderately severe disability
    * 5 = Severe disability
    * 6 = Death
  * Use: Common endpoint in stroke trials.

==== 3. Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) ====
  * Purpose: Assesses level of consciousness.
  * Range: 3–15
  * Components: Eye (4), Verbal (5), Motor (6)
  * Use: Useful in hemorrhagic stroke or coma.

==== 4. ASPECTS (Alberta Stroke Program Early CT Score) ====
  * Purpose: Quantifies early ischemic changes on non-contrast head CT.
  * Range: 0–10
  * Lower score = More extensive ischemia
  * Use: Selection for thrombectomy (particularly in anterior circulation).

==== 5. TICI (Thrombolysis in Cerebral Infarction) ====
  * Purpose: Grades reperfusion after thrombectomy.
  * Range:
    * 0 = No perfusion
    * 1 = Minimal
    * 2a = Partial (<50%)
    * 2b = Substantial (>50%)
    * 2c = Near complete
    * 3 = Complete
  * Use: Angiographic outcome measurement.

==== 6. Barthel Index ====
  * Purpose: Measures functional independence in activities of daily living (ADLs).
  * Range: 0–100
  * Use: Rehab planning and long-term prognosis.

==== 7. ABCD2 Score ====
  * Purpose: Predicts risk of stroke after TIA.
  * Factors: Age, BP, Clinical features, Duration, Diabetes
  * Range: 0–7
  * Risk stratification:
    * 0–3 = Low
    * 4–5 = Moderate
    * 6–7 = High

==== 8. SPAN-100 Index ====
  * Purpose: Estimates risk/benefit from thrombolysis in elderly.
  * Calculation: Age + NIHSS
  * SPAN-100 positive = total ≥100 → high risk of sICH (symptomatic ICH)

==== 9. ICH Score ====
  * Purpose: Predicts 30-day mortality in intracerebral hemorrhage.
  * Factors: GCS, ICH volume, age, location, IVH
  * Range: 0–6

==== 10. TOAST Classification ====
  * Purpose: Etiological classification of ischemic stroke.
  * Categories:
    * Large-artery atherosclerosis
    * Cardioembolism
    * Small vessel occlusion (lacune)
    * Other determined etiology
    * Undetermined etiology