====== Severe Traumatic Brain Injury Epidemiology ======

{{rss>https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rss/search/16ooSLsIx9qhA-kmwsoOc0pm7461scUVuaNE4hgw80nQ1GaAFM/?limit=15&utm_campaign=pubmed-2&fc=20240331072929}}
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see also [[Traumatic Brain Injury Epidemiology]].
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56–60% of patients with GCS score ≤8 have 1 or more other organ systems injured. 25% have “surgical” lesions.
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The [[COVID-19 pandemic]] has led to severe containment measures to protect the [[population]] in [[France]]. The first lockdown modified daily living and could have led to a decrease in the frequency of severe traumatic brain injury (TBI).
Containment related to the COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in a modification of the mechanisms of severe TBI in Normandy, which was associated with a decline in the rate of short-term death in intensive unit care.
((Rault F, Terrier L, Leclerc A, Gilard V, Emery E, Derrey S, Briant AR, Gakuba C, Gaberel T. Decreased number of deaths related to severe traumatic brain injury in intensive care unit during the first lockdown in Normandy: at least one positive side effect of the COVID-19 pandemic. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 2021 Apr 4:1–8. doi: 10.1007/s00701-021-04831-1. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 33813617; PMCID: PMC8019477.)).
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COVID-19 has had a significant impact on both the volume and mechanism of trauma referrals to the National Neurosurgical Centre in [[Ireland]], with falls below 2 m the most common mechanism of trauma referral across both years
((Horan J, Duddy JC, Gilmartin B, Amoo M, Nolan D, Corr P, Husien MB, Bolger C. The impact of COVID-19 on trauma referrals to a National Neurosurgical Centre. Ir J Med Sci. 2021 Jan 7:1–13. doi: 10.1007/s11845-021-02504-7. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 33415689; PMCID: PMC7790516.))
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56–60% of patients with [[GCS]] score ≤ 8 have 1 or more other organ system injured
((Saul TG, Ducker TB. Effect of intracranial pressure monitoring and aggressive 
treatment on mortality in severe head injury. J Neurosurg. 1982
Apr;56(4):498-503. PubMed PMID: 6801218.
)).
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In [[Spain]] there is a 13% reduction in the frequency of severe TBI from the first to the last time period. An increase in the mean age from 35 to 43 years, whereas the frequency of severe TBI according to sex remained approximately the same during the last decades of life. A distinct change was observed in the injury mechanism; traffic accidents decreased from 76% to 55%, particularly those involving 4-wheeled vehicles. However, falls increased significantly, especially in older women, and contusion and subdural haematoma were the most frequent structural injuries. Motor scores could not be reliably assessed for the last time period because of early intubation and sedative drug use
((Gómez PA, Castaño-Leon AM, de-la-Cruz J, Lora D, Lagares A. Trends in
epidemiological and clinical characteristics in severe traumatic brain injury:
Analysis of the past 25 years of a single centre data base. Neurocirugia (Astur).
2014 Jul 3. pii: S1130-1473(14)00072-4. doi: 10.1016/j.neucir.2014.05.001. [Epub 
ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 24998417.)).

[[Acute subdural hematoma]] (ASD) is seen in 12% to 29% of [[severe traumatic brain injury]] (TBI)