====== Secondary dystonia ======

Refers to dystonia brought on by some identified cause, such as head injury, drug side effect (e.g. [[tardive dystonia]]), or neurological disease (e.g. Wilson's disease).

Levodopa Responsive [[Juvenile Dystonia]] and Parkinsonism Secondary to SPG11 Mutation.

see [[Generalized dystonia]].
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The aim of a study was to evaluate the use of a novel technique for [[baclofen]] delivery using an [[intrathecal catheter]] inserted through a [[lumbar laminotomy]] with the tip placed at the [[cisterna magna]] (supraspinal [[baclofen]] (SSB)) for the treatment of severe generalized secondary [[dystonia]].

A cohort study of six individuals (4M/2F, mean±SD = 15±4.86 years) with generalized dystonia unresponsive to oral medications were treated with SSB and followed clinically for 8 years. Intrathecal catheter tips were positioned under fluoroscopic guidance just above the level of the foramen magnum, at the cisterna magna.

Five of the 6 patients experienced sustained benefit with SSB; the group mean modified Fahn-Marsden scale scores decreased from 95 to 55 (t = 3.29, p = 0.02). One patient suffered a complex pump pocket infection and therefore underwent pump explantation.

Supraspinal [[baclofen]] may be an effective method for infusing baclofen into the [[ventricular system]] of the brain for the treatment of [[secondary dystonia]] which is unresponsive to oral therapy
((Wu J, Ceverha B, Yeh BY, BeDell KK. Supraspinal baclofen for the treatment of secondary generalized dystonia: A case series. J Pediatr Rehabil Med. 2022 Mar 4. doi: 10.3233/PRM-210044. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 35253660.)).

===== Focal Dystonia =====
[[Focal Dystonia]]